An automatic solar tracking system is an approach for optimizing the generation of solar power and modifying the angles and direction of a solar panel by considering changes in the position and path of the sun. The performance status of an automatic solar tracking system depends on various factors, including its design, location, and maintenance or repairs. The solar energy from the sun that the Earth intercepts is approximately 1.8 × 10¹¹ MW, which is thousands of times greater than the intensity at which the Earth now uses all other commercially available energy sources combined. Currently, research into automatic solar trackers is on the rise, as solar energy is abundant in nature, but its use in a highly efficient way is still lacking. This paper provides a detailed literature review and highlights some key advancements and challenges associated with state-of-the-art automatic solar tracking systems. The performance of the dual-axis photovoltaic tracking system outperforms that of the stationary systems by more than 27% based on the overall system efficiency. Under diverse weather conditions, the efficiency of the scheduled-based solar tracking systems was enhanced by 4.2% compared with that of the light-dependent resistor-based solar trackers.

In this era of modernization, lots of systems have been introduced by which the human effort has been limited to a certain level. In this Paper a data acquisition system has been proposed for factories and industries or environment monitoring, which will measure the certain parameters like temperature, humidity, the level of gases present in atmosphere, motion of any person near the restricted areas at a time and transmit these parameters to the control room wirelessly as well as to the concerned person of the area by the latest smartphone/tablets. Through the smartphone, the person can give command to the control room in case of any parameter crosses a certain level. The data is collected from sensor nodes to the control room node using ZigBee network and then retransmit the desired data to smart phones, tabs and PCs using Bluetooth network. Sensor node contains analog output sensors like temperature, gas and Digital output sensors like sound and metal. The LCD is used to display the sensor parameters. The RF modem is used to transmit the values to the control room node using star and mesh network topologies. The control room node contains ZigBee transceiver module to receive the information and Bluetooth modem to make available the desired data to the smart phones, tabs and PCs. The ZigBee and Bluetooth network are working at 9600 baud rate and 2.4GHz frequency in ISM band. The ZigBee nodes are capable to transmit the information upto 100meteres and for long distance communication, multi-hopping is used. Bluetooth modem is capable to transmit the information upto 30 feet distance

The demand for broad-band antennas has been increased in the recent years. They find to be extensively used in high frequency and high speed data communication. The factors affecting the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna is discussed in this paper. There are two main parameter responsible for the broadening of the antenna. One is the height of the dielectric substrate and another one is the width of the patch. In this paper, we study the performance characteristics of rectangular patch antenna with variable thickness of the substrate and width of the patch. One of the parameter is varied keeping the other fixed and the characteristic effects on resonant frequency, band width and gain are studied.

This research paper presents a simple design consideration of Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Microstrip antenna using a centrally loaded rectangular slot. An analytical study of the effects of different size and shapes of slots on the performance characteristic of UWB Microstrip antenna is presented. Insertion of slot and the changes in dimension of ground plane has a high impact on the behavior and parameter of the patch antenna. To improve the bandwidth of the patch antenna, proper insertion of slot on the planer patch structure has been used. In the paper 12mm by 15.6 mm rectangular patch antenna carved on FR4 substrate is presented. Both the simulated and the measured result show the operation of the antenna in the entire UWB range. This parametric study would be of a great interest in the designing of compact antennas for wireless communications operating in UWB.