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The annual growth and the thickness of cork are known to be highly variable between trees located in the same geographical location. Researching how climate variables affect different trees within the same site is a step forward for the management of cork production since current knowledge focusses only on the average tree response. Quantile regression methodology was applied for the first time to a large data set containing measurements of cork growth, sampled in 35 stands across the cork oak distribution area in Portugal. This methodology proved to be useful for testing the hypothesis raised: does climate affect differently the annual cork growth, and ultimately cork thickness of individual trees located in the same stand? Estimating the amount of cork produced by one stand that has the required thickness for the production of natural cork stoppers is essential to support cork oak management. However, no model, before this work, had been developed to provide managers with this information. A downward parabolic relationship between annual cork growth and annual precipitation was determined for all quantiles, with optimum annual average precipitation value ranging from 1103 to 1007 mm. April to August monthly temperatures, spring average temperature or summer average temperature, showed a negative relationship with annual cork growth, in particular for lower quantiles. Maximum annual temperature was shown to negatively affect annual cork thickness, in particular for the trees under the 6th quantile. The ratio between annual precipitation and average temperature, that define the Lang index (LI), showed a downward parabolic relationship with annual cork growth. Best cork growth conditions are found for Lang index values around 60, corresponding for the transition between semi-arid climate and humid climate. The application of the final model developed for estimating cork thickness of an eight years’ cork growth period allowed the prediction and mapping of the percentage of cork suitable for natural cork stopper production. It showed that higher values are expected in the Southern and Central coastal regions and along the Tagus River basin. The Northern coastal and mountain regions, characterised by Lang index values higher to 60 (humid climates), present lower estimated values for the percentage of cork suitable for natural cork stopper production. The estimated values are expected to be reduced under climate change scenarios in the Southern and Central coastal regions.
Joana Amaral Paulo; Paulo Neves Firmino; Sónia Pacheco Faias; Margarida Tomé. Quantile regression for modelling the impact of climate in cork growth quantiles in Portugal. European Journal of Forest Research 2021, 140, 991 -1004.
AMA StyleJoana Amaral Paulo, Paulo Neves Firmino, Sónia Pacheco Faias, Margarida Tomé. Quantile regression for modelling the impact of climate in cork growth quantiles in Portugal. European Journal of Forest Research. 2021; 140 (4):991-1004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Amaral Paulo; Paulo Neves Firmino; Sónia Pacheco Faias; Margarida Tomé. 2021. "Quantile regression for modelling the impact of climate in cork growth quantiles in Portugal." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 4: 991-1004.
Quassia amara L. is a semi-sciophyte species that can be found growing as a large shrub or a small tree in Neotropical rainforests. It is traditionally harvested as a non-wood forest product for culinary, medicinal and insecticidal uses. Lack of knowledge on the ecological conditions that support tree growth limits the development of sustainable forest management plans of natural forests and the development of new agroecological cultivation models. The overall objectives of the present work are to (1) compare the Quassia amara L. growth in different forest structures; (2) evaluate the impact of light conditions on Quassia amara L. diameter growth, total height growth and height–diameter relationship and (3) discuss implications for the sustainable management of the species in agroecosystems. Light conditions are characterized at the tree level by the crown illumination index (cii), which is a visual and ordinal index. Results show that tree growth varies between plots with different forest structures and light conditions. The cii was able to characterize light conditions. Best light conditions were different for diameter and total height growth: cii value of 5.0 (tree crown completely exposed to overhead and lateral direct light) and cii value of 3.5 (tree crown exposed to some vertical/overhead direct light and low direct light), respectively. The cii did not affect the height–diameter relationship. A value of cii equal to 4 was found as an intermediate condition and recommended for the establishment of new agroecosystems including the Quassia amara L.
Joana A. Paulo; Roger Villalobos. Quassia amara L. diameter and total height under different light conditions: implications for the management of agroecosystems. Agroforestry Systems 2019, 94, 761 -778.
AMA StyleJoana A. Paulo, Roger Villalobos. Quassia amara L. diameter and total height under different light conditions: implications for the management of agroecosystems. Agroforestry Systems. 2019; 94 (3):761-778.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana A. Paulo; Roger Villalobos. 2019. "Quassia amara L. diameter and total height under different light conditions: implications for the management of agroecosystems." Agroforestry Systems 94, no. 3: 761-778.
Scheduling the first thinning in young cork oak stands is an important decision in management that is usually subjectively defined by each manager. An analysis of competition in cork oak plantations is extremely relevant as a support for this important decision. This study aimed to understand the relationship between stand characteristics and tree growth efficiency, and subsequently help identify the presence or absence of an inter-tree competition pattern in cork oak stands that were never debarked. The inter-tree competition was assessed by looking to several stand characteristics: (1) comparison with the self-thinning line; (2) stand density measures, such as stand spacing coefficient and relative spacing; (3) stand structure measures evaluated through the skewness and variability; and (4) tree relative growth rate pattern over tree size. Data used for this analysis were gathered from permanent plots that were established in even-aged stands located across the cork oak distribution area in Portugal. The study shows that the most common stand densities on young cork oak plantations might not lead to serious inter-tree competition before the first cork extraction. This information is relevant to support the potential timing and severity of the first thinning in order to retain more trees until the second cork extraction when cork quality can be taken into account in the selection of the trees to be removed.
Sónia P. Faias; Joana A. Paulo; Margarida Tomé. Inter-tree competition analysis in undebarked cork oak plantations as a support tool for management in Portugal. New Forests 2019, 51, 489 -505.
AMA StyleSónia P. Faias, Joana A. Paulo, Margarida Tomé. Inter-tree competition analysis in undebarked cork oak plantations as a support tool for management in Portugal. New Forests. 2019; 51 (3):489-505.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSónia P. Faias; Joana A. Paulo; Margarida Tomé. 2019. "Inter-tree competition analysis in undebarked cork oak plantations as a support tool for management in Portugal." New Forests 51, no. 3: 489-505.
Oak stands are declining in many regions of southern Europe. The goal of this paper is to assess this process and develop an effective monitoring tool for research and management. Long-term trends of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were derived and mapped at 30-m spatial resolution for all areas with a stable land cover of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forests and agroforestry systems in mainland Portugal. NDVI, a good proxy for forest health and productivity monitoring, was obtained for the 1984–2017 period using Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. TM values were adjusted to those of ETM+, after a comparison of site-specific and literature linear equations. The spatiotemporal trend analysis was performed using only July and August NDVI values, in order to minimize the spectral contribution of understory vegetation and its phenological variability, and thus, focus on the tree layer. Signs and significance of trends were obtained for six representative oak stands and the whole country with the Mann Kendall and Contextual Mann-Kendall test, respectively, and their slope was assessed with the Theil-Sen estimator. Long-term forest inventories of six study sites and NDVI time series derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) allowed validating the methodology and results with independent data. NDVI has a good relationship with cork production at the forest stand level. Pettitt tests reveal significant change-points within the trends in the period 1996–2005, when changes in drought patterns occurred. Twelve percent of the area of oak stands in Portugal presents significant decreasing trends, most of them located in mountainous regions with shallow soils. Cork oak agroforestry is the most declining oak forest type, compared to cork oak and holm oak forests. The Google Earth Engine platform proved to be a powerful tool to deal with long-term time series and for the monitoring of forests health and productivity.
Valentine Aubard; Joana Amaral Paulo; João M. N. Silva. Long-Term Monitoring of Cork and Holm Oak Stands Productivity in Portugal with Landsat Imagery. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 525 .
AMA StyleValentine Aubard, Joana Amaral Paulo, João M. N. Silva. Long-Term Monitoring of Cork and Holm Oak Stands Productivity in Portugal with Landsat Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (5):525.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValentine Aubard; Joana Amaral Paulo; João M. N. Silva. 2019. "Long-Term Monitoring of Cork and Holm Oak Stands Productivity in Portugal with Landsat Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5: 525.
Understory management practices and stand density characteristics allow one to distinguish a cork oak traditional silvopastoral system (known as a montado) from a cork oak forest system. Although understanding the manner in which different management practices affect cork growth is imperative, there are still only a few outputs from experimental research that contribute to this knowledge. The effect of potential drivers on annual cork growth was analyzed using a linear mixed model approach. Two dimensions of drivers were considered: intraspecific competition, assessed by tree level distance-dependent indices; and interspecific competition, assessed by variables characterizing understory management. The present dataset was collected from an experimental trial established on a cork oak stand in Podzolic soil on the Tagus river basin, covering two different cork growth cycles over the period from 2003 to 2015. The adjusted models considered two understory management alternatives: spontaneous shrubs maintenance and forage application. In both models, annual precipitation displayed a positive effect on annual cork growth, as expected. However, no significant effect of intraspecific competition was found. Additionally, there was a positive effect on annual cork growth associated with the spontaneous shrubs growth and a negative effect associated with lupine presence; both effects linked to different cork ring ages’ thresholds. The study main contributions are the following: (i) the introduction of the interaction between cork growth cycle stage and understory management practices, only possible with cork sample collections from different cork rotation cycles; (ii) the finding that there was no significant effect of intraspecific competition on cork growth.
Sónia P. Faias; Joana A. Paulo; Paulo N. Firmino; Margarida Tomé. Drivers for Annual Cork Growth under Two Understory Management Alternatives on a Podzolic Cork Oak Stand. Forests 2019, 10, 133 .
AMA StyleSónia P. Faias, Joana A. Paulo, Paulo N. Firmino, Margarida Tomé. Drivers for Annual Cork Growth under Two Understory Management Alternatives on a Podzolic Cork Oak Stand. Forests. 2019; 10 (2):133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSónia P. Faias; Joana A. Paulo; Paulo N. Firmino; Margarida Tomé. 2019. "Drivers for Annual Cork Growth under Two Understory Management Alternatives on a Podzolic Cork Oak Stand." Forests 10, no. 2: 133.
Aim of study: Cork oak is one of the main forest tree species in Portugal that typically occurs in montado, where operational practices oriented to the tree, crop or animal management may influence several of the ecosystem components. This study aimed at contributing to fulfil the a lack of knowledge on the effect of these practices on the cork and wood growth, by comparing the wood diameter growth and the annual cork increment under two different understory management options.Material and methods: An experimental trial implemented on an uneven-aged cork oak pure stand during a cork rotarion period of 9 years, was established with the specific goal of comparing understory management options: a yellow lupine pasture versus spontaneous vegetation. Cork samples were taken at the beginning and end of the period and were used to measure cork thickness and annual cork rings. The differences between treatments were assessed performing a non-parametric test and a more robust approach using linear mixed model. Precipitation and treatment levels were jointly considered on the analysis.Main results: A slight effect was found on the cork thickness regarding the treatment with lupine application. However, no distinct effect was found, regarding wood and the annual cork increment pattern. Additionally, annual cork ring width showed a positive correlation with precipitation and a negative correlation with ring age.Research highlights: The results of this study indicate no distinct pattern regarding the annual cork and wood increment when comparing the understory effect of yellow lupine pasture versus spontaneous vegetation.
Sonia P. Faias; Joana Amaral Paulo; Joao H. N. Palma; Margarida Tome. Understory effect on tree and cork growth in cork oak woodlands. Forest Systems 2018, 27, e02S .
AMA StyleSonia P. Faias, Joana Amaral Paulo, Joao H. N. Palma, Margarida Tome. Understory effect on tree and cork growth in cork oak woodlands. Forest Systems. 2018; 27 (1):e02S.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonia P. Faias; Joana Amaral Paulo; Joao H. N. Palma; Margarida Tome. 2018. "Understory effect on tree and cork growth in cork oak woodlands." Forest Systems 27, no. 1: e02S.
The aim of the present study is to assess the influence of two different attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches, namely static LCA (sLCA) and dynamic LCA (dLCA), through their application to the calculation of the carbon footprint (CF) of the entire cork sector in Portugal. The effect of including biogenic carbon sequestration and emissions is considered as well. sLCA is often described as a static tool since all the emissions are accounted for as if occurring at the same time which may not be the case in reality for greenhouse gases. In contrast, dLCA aims to evaluate the impact of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions on radiative forcing considering the specific moment when these emissions occur. The results show that the total CF of the cork sector differs depending on the approach and time horizon chosen. However, the greater it is the time horizon chosen, the smaller the difference between the CF results of the two approaches. Additionally, the inclusion of biogenic carbon sequestration and emissions also influences significantly the CF result. The cork sector is considered a net carbon source when biogenic carbon is excluded from the calculations and a net carbon sink when biogenic carbon is included in the calculations since more carbon is sequestered than emitted along the sector. dLCA allows an overview of greenhouse gas emissions along the time. This is an advantage as it allows to identify and plan different management approaches for the cork sector. Even though dLCA is a more realistic approach, it is a more time-consuming and complex approach for long life cycles. The choice of time horizon was found to be another important aspect for CF assessment.
Martha Demertzi; Joana Amaral Paulo; Sonia Pacheco Faias; Luis Arroja; Ana Cláudia Dias. Evaluating the carbon footprint of the cork sector with a dynamic approach including biogenic carbon flows. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2017, 23, 1448 -1459.
AMA StyleMartha Demertzi, Joana Amaral Paulo, Sonia Pacheco Faias, Luis Arroja, Ana Cláudia Dias. Evaluating the carbon footprint of the cork sector with a dynamic approach including biogenic carbon flows. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2017; 23 (7):1448-1459.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartha Demertzi; Joana Amaral Paulo; Sonia Pacheco Faias; Luis Arroja; Ana Cláudia Dias. 2017. "Evaluating the carbon footprint of the cork sector with a dynamic approach including biogenic carbon flows." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23, no. 7: 1448-1459.
Potential benefits and costs of agroforestry practices have been analysed by experts, but few studies have captured farmers’ perspectives on why agroforestry might be adopted on a European scale. This study provides answers to this question, through an analysis of 183 farmer interviews in 14 case study systems in eight European countries. The study systems included high natural and cultural value agroforestry systems, silvoarable systems, high value tree systems, and silvopasture systems, as well as systems where no agroforestry practices were occurring. A mixed method approach combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was taken throughout the interviews. Narrative thematic data analysis was performed. Data collection proceeded until no new themes emerged. Within a given case study, i.e. the different systems in different European regions, this sampling was performed both for farmers who practice agroforestry and farmers who did not. Results point to a great diversity of agroforestry practices, although many of the farmers are not aware of the term or concept of agroforestry, despite implementing the practice in their own farms. While only a few farmers mentioned eligibility for direct payments in the CAP as the main reason to remove trees from their land, to avoid the reduction of the funded area, the tradition in the family or the region, learning from others, and increasing the diversification of products play the most important role in adopting or not agroforestry systems.
M. Rois-Díaz; Nataša Lovrić; Marko Lovric; Nuria Ferreiro-Domínguez; María R Osa Mosquera-Losada; M. Den Herder; A. Graves; Joao Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; A. Pisanelli; J. Smith; Gerardo Moreno; S. García; A. Varga; Anastasia Pantera; J. Mirck; P. Burgess. Farmers’ reasoning behind the uptake of agroforestry practices: evidence from multiple case-studies across Europe. Agroforestry Systems 2017, 92, 811 -828.
AMA StyleM. Rois-Díaz, Nataša Lovrić, Marko Lovric, Nuria Ferreiro-Domínguez, María R Osa Mosquera-Losada, M. Den Herder, A. Graves, Joao Palma, Joana Amaral Paulo, A. Pisanelli, J. Smith, Gerardo Moreno, S. García, A. Varga, Anastasia Pantera, J. Mirck, P. Burgess. Farmers’ reasoning behind the uptake of agroforestry practices: evidence from multiple case-studies across Europe. Agroforestry Systems. 2017; 92 (4):811-828.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Rois-Díaz; Nataša Lovrić; Marko Lovric; Nuria Ferreiro-Domínguez; María R Osa Mosquera-Losada; M. Den Herder; A. Graves; Joao Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; A. Pisanelli; J. Smith; Gerardo Moreno; S. García; A. Varga; Anastasia Pantera; J. Mirck; P. Burgess. 2017. "Farmers’ reasoning behind the uptake of agroforestry practices: evidence from multiple case-studies across Europe." Agroforestry Systems 92, no. 4: 811-828.
Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services.
G. Moreno; S. Aviron; S. Berg; J. Crous-Duran; Antonio Franca; S. García De Jalón; T. Hartel; J. Mirck; Anastasia Pantera; Joao Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; Giovanni Antonio Re; F. Sanna; C. Thenail; A. Varga; Valérie Viaud; Paul Burgess. Agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value in Europe: provision of commercial goods and other ecosystem services. Agroforestry Systems 2017, 92, 877 -891.
AMA StyleG. Moreno, S. Aviron, S. Berg, J. Crous-Duran, Antonio Franca, S. García De Jalón, T. Hartel, J. Mirck, Anastasia Pantera, Joao Palma, Joana Amaral Paulo, Giovanni Antonio Re, F. Sanna, C. Thenail, A. Varga, Valérie Viaud, Paul Burgess. Agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value in Europe: provision of commercial goods and other ecosystem services. Agroforestry Systems. 2017; 92 (4):877-891.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Moreno; S. Aviron; S. Berg; J. Crous-Duran; Antonio Franca; S. García De Jalón; T. Hartel; J. Mirck; Anastasia Pantera; Joao Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; Giovanni Antonio Re; F. Sanna; C. Thenail; A. Varga; Valérie Viaud; Paul Burgess. 2017. "Agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value in Europe: provision of commercial goods and other ecosystem services." Agroforestry Systems 92, no. 4: 877-891.
The use of increasing debarking during the first harvest of cork oak trees (Quercus suberL.) had no effect on the secondary cork calliper (thickness) in one of the trials and had a small negative effect in a second trial. Little evidence was found that debarking coefficient is a useful index for the management of cork oak stands. The Portuguese national legislation defines, without the support of scientific data or knowledge, maximum values of debarking coefficients (ratio of debarking height and perimeter at breast height measured over cork). For the first debarking, this value is limited to 2.0. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of increasing cork debarking coefficient on the calliper of the secondary cork extraction. Trees were located in two sites, in distinct regions characterized by low or high productivity classes. Three debarking coefficients were considered: 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. The debarking coefficient for the first cork extraction was randomly selected for each tree. During the second debarking, a cork sample was taken from each tree. The samples were used for assessing secondary cork calliper. Differences in cork calliper were analysed using both correlation analysis and modelling approaches. Debarking intensity increase had a small negative effect on secondary cork thickness in the most inland site, while no effect was detected in the more coastal site. In our experiment, debarking intensity had a significant but small effect in one site and no effect in other sites. Debarking coefficients not only should be defined according to legal constraints but also instead should be adapted considering tree and site characteristics.
Joana A. Paulo; Margarida Tomé. Does debarking intensity during the first cork extraction affect future cork thickness? Annals of Forest Science 2017, 74, 1 .
AMA StyleJoana A. Paulo, Margarida Tomé. Does debarking intensity during the first cork extraction affect future cork thickness? Annals of Forest Science. 2017; 74 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana A. Paulo; Margarida Tomé. 2017. "Does debarking intensity during the first cork extraction affect future cork thickness?" Annals of Forest Science 74, no. 4: 1.
Agroforestry combines perennial woody elements (e.g. trees) with an agricultural understory (e.g. wheat, pasture) which can also potentially be used by a livestock component. In recent decades, modern agroforestry systems have been proposed at European level as land use alternatives for conventional agricultural systems. The potential range of benefits that modern agroforestry systems can provide includes farm product diversification (food and timber), soil and biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration, both in woody biomass and the soil. Whilst typically these include benefits such as food and timber provision, potentially, there are benefits in the form of carbon sequestration, both in woody biomass and in the soil. Quantifying the effect of agroforestry systems on soil carbon is important because it is one means by which atmospheric carbon can be sequestered in order to reduce global warming. However, experimental systems that can combine the different alternative features of agroforestry systems are difficult to implement and long-term. For this reason, models are needed to explore these alternatives, in order to determine what benefits different combinations of trees and understory might provide in agroforestry systems. This paper describes the integration of the widely used soil carbon model RothC, a model simulating soil organic carbon turnover, into Yield-SAFE, a parameter sparse model to estimate aboveground biomass in agroforestry systems. The improvement of the Yield-SAFE model focused on the estimation of input plant material into soil (i.e. leaf fall and root mortality) while maintaining the original aspiration for a simple conceptualization of agroforestry modeling, but allowing to feed inputs to a soil carbon module based on RothC. Validation simulations show that the combined model gives predictions consistent with observed data for both SOC dynamics and tree leaf fall. Two case study systems are examined: a cork oak system in South Portugal and a poplar system in the UK, in current and future climate.
J. H. N. Palma; J. Crous-Duran; A. R. Graves; S. Garcia De Jalon; M. Upson; Tânia Sofia Oliveira; Joana Amaral Paulo; Nuria Ferreiro-Domínguez; Gerardo Moreno; Paul Burgess. Integrating belowground carbon dynamics into Yield-SAFE, a parameter sparse agroforestry model. Agroforestry Systems 2017, 92, 1047 -1057.
AMA StyleJ. H. N. Palma, J. Crous-Duran, A. R. Graves, S. Garcia De Jalon, M. Upson, Tânia Sofia Oliveira, Joana Amaral Paulo, Nuria Ferreiro-Domínguez, Gerardo Moreno, Paul Burgess. Integrating belowground carbon dynamics into Yield-SAFE, a parameter sparse agroforestry model. Agroforestry Systems. 2017; 92 (4):1047-1057.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. H. N. Palma; J. Crous-Duran; A. R. Graves; S. Garcia De Jalon; M. Upson; Tânia Sofia Oliveira; Joana Amaral Paulo; Nuria Ferreiro-Domínguez; Gerardo Moreno; Paul Burgess. 2017. "Integrating belowground carbon dynamics into Yield-SAFE, a parameter sparse agroforestry model." Agroforestry Systems 92, no. 4: 1047-1057.
Whilst the benefits of agroforestry are widely recognised in tropical latitudes few studies have assessed how agroforestry is perceived in temperate latitudes. This study evaluates how stakeholders and key actors including farmers, landowners, agricultural advisors, researchers and environmentalists perceive the implementation and expansion of agroforestry in Europe. Meetings were held with 30 stakeholder groups covering different agroforestry systems in 2014 in eleven EU countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom). In total 344 valid responses were received to a questionnaire where stakeholders were asked to rank the positive and negative aspects of implementing agroforestry in their region. Improved biodiversity and wildlife habitats, animal health and welfare, and landscape aesthetics were seen as the main positive aspects of agroforestry. By contrast, increased labour, complexity of work, management costs and administrative burden were seen as the most important negative aspects. Overall, improving the environmental value of agriculture was seen as the main benefit of agroforestry, whilst management and socio-economic issues were seen as the greatest barriers. The great variability in the opportunities and barriers of the systems suggests enhanced adoption of agroforestry across Europe will be most likely to occur with specific initiatives for each type of system.
Silvestre García De Jalón; Paul Burgess; Anil Graves; Gerardo Moreno; Jim McAdam; Eric Pottier; Sandra Novak; Valerio Bondesan; María R Osa Mosquera-Losada; Josep Crous-Durán; Joao Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; Tânia Sofia Oliveira; Eric Cirou; Yousri Hannachi; Anastasia Pantera; Régis Wartelle; Sonja Kay; Nina Malignier; Philippe Van Lerberghe; Penka Tsonkova; Jaconette Mirck; Mercedes Rois; Anne Grete Kongsted; Claudine Thenail; Boki Luske; Staffan Berg; Marie Gosme; Andrea Vityi. How is agroforestry perceived in Europe? An assessment of positive and negative aspects by stakeholders. Agroforestry Systems 2017, 92, 829 -848.
AMA StyleSilvestre García De Jalón, Paul Burgess, Anil Graves, Gerardo Moreno, Jim McAdam, Eric Pottier, Sandra Novak, Valerio Bondesan, María R Osa Mosquera-Losada, Josep Crous-Durán, Joao Palma, Joana Amaral Paulo, Tânia Sofia Oliveira, Eric Cirou, Yousri Hannachi, Anastasia Pantera, Régis Wartelle, Sonja Kay, Nina Malignier, Philippe Van Lerberghe, Penka Tsonkova, Jaconette Mirck, Mercedes Rois, Anne Grete Kongsted, Claudine Thenail, Boki Luske, Staffan Berg, Marie Gosme, Andrea Vityi. How is agroforestry perceived in Europe? An assessment of positive and negative aspects by stakeholders. Agroforestry Systems. 2017; 92 (4):829-848.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvestre García De Jalón; Paul Burgess; Anil Graves; Gerardo Moreno; Jim McAdam; Eric Pottier; Sandra Novak; Valerio Bondesan; María R Osa Mosquera-Losada; Josep Crous-Durán; Joao Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; Tânia Sofia Oliveira; Eric Cirou; Yousri Hannachi; Anastasia Pantera; Régis Wartelle; Sonja Kay; Nina Malignier; Philippe Van Lerberghe; Penka Tsonkova; Jaconette Mirck; Mercedes Rois; Anne Grete Kongsted; Claudine Thenail; Boki Luske; Staffan Berg; Marie Gosme; Andrea Vityi. 2017. "How is agroforestry perceived in Europe? An assessment of positive and negative aspects by stakeholders." Agroforestry Systems 92, no. 4: 829-848.
High spatial resolution imagery provided by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can yield accurate and efficient estimation of tree dimensions and canopy structural variables at the local scale. We flew a low-cost, lightweight UAV over an experimental Pinus pinea L. plantation (290 trees distributed over 16 ha with different fertirrigation treatments) to determine the tree positions and to estimate individual tree height (h), diameter (d), biomass (wa), as well as changes in these variables between 2015 and 2017. We used Structure from Motion (SfM) and 3D point cloud filtering techniques to generate the canopy height model and object-based image analysis to delineate individual tree crowns (ITC). ITC results were validated using accurate field measurements over a subsample of 50 trees. Comparison between SfM-derived and field-measured h yielded an R2 value of 0.96. Regressions using SfM-derived variables as explanatory variables described 79% and 86–87% of the variability in d and wa, respectively. The height and biomass growth estimates across the entire study area for the period 2015–2017 were 0.45 m ± 0.12 m and 198.7 ± 93.9 kg, respectively. Significant differences (t-test) in height and biomass were observed at the end of the study period. The findings indicate that the proposed method could be used to derive individual-tree variables and to detect spatio-temporal changes, highlighting the potential role of UAV-derived imagery as a forest management tool.
Juan Guerra-Hernández; Eduardo González-Ferreiro; Vicente J. Monleón; Sonia P. Faias; Margarida Tomé; Ramón A. Díaz-Varela. Use of Multi-Temporal UAV-Derived Imagery for Estimating Individual Tree Growth in Pinus pinea Stands. Forests 2017, 8, 300 .
AMA StyleJuan Guerra-Hernández, Eduardo González-Ferreiro, Vicente J. Monleón, Sonia P. Faias, Margarida Tomé, Ramón A. Díaz-Varela. Use of Multi-Temporal UAV-Derived Imagery for Estimating Individual Tree Growth in Pinus pinea Stands. Forests. 2017; 8 (8):300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Guerra-Hernández; Eduardo González-Ferreiro; Vicente J. Monleón; Sonia P. Faias; Margarida Tomé; Ramón A. Díaz-Varela. 2017. "Use of Multi-Temporal UAV-Derived Imagery for Estimating Individual Tree Growth in Pinus pinea Stands." Forests 8, no. 8: 300.
Aim of study: Use the SUBER model to evaluate the influence of the cork debarking rotation period (CDR) on equivalent annual annuity (EAA) value.Area of study: Nine simulated stands, varying in site index (14.4, 15.6, 17.1) and cork quality characteristics (high, medium, low).Material and methods: EAA values were computed considering CDR periods varying from 9 to 14 years, two contrasting structures of cork prices (high and low cork price scenarios), and three discount rate values (0.5%, 2% and 5%).Main results: For discount rates of 0.5% and 2% the impact of different CDR on the EAA is similar. In stands characterized by high to average site index values or high to medium cork quality characteristics, CDR of 9 and 11 years are associated with similar values of EAA. The variation of the CDR in stands characterized by low site index values and/or low cork quality characteristics did not have a relevant effect on the variation of EAA. For the simulations carried out with a discount rate of 5% the EAA decreases with the increase of CDR, indicating that the minimum legal value of 9 years for CDR should be applied.Research highlights: In stands characterized by high to average site index values or high to medium cork quality characteristics, a delay in the debarking may result in a significant increase of cork thickness and, as a result, of cork price. Detailed knowledge of cork and stand characteristics and updated information on cork prices structure and values are essential for the best usage of management tools such as the SUBER model, which can contribute to the decision-making process concerning the debarking operation.
Joana Amaral Paulo; Margarida Tomé. Using the SUBER model for assessing the impact of cork debarking rotation on equivalent annual annuity in Portuguese stands. Forest Systems 2017, 26, e008 .
AMA StyleJoana Amaral Paulo, Margarida Tomé. Using the SUBER model for assessing the impact of cork debarking rotation on equivalent annual annuity in Portuguese stands. Forest Systems. 2017; 26 (1):e008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Amaral Paulo; Margarida Tomé. 2017. "Using the SUBER model for assessing the impact of cork debarking rotation on equivalent annual annuity in Portuguese stands." Forest Systems 26, no. 1: e008.
An accurate and objective estimate on the extent of agroforestry in Europe is critical for the development of supporting policies. For this reason, a more harmonised and uniform Pan-European estimate is needed. The aim of this study was to quantify and map the distribution of agroforestry in the European Union. We classified agroforestry into three main types of agroforestry systems: arable agroforestry, livestock agroforestry and high value tree agroforestry. These three classes are partly overlapping as high value tree agroforestry can be part of either arable or livestock agroforestry. Agroforestry areas were mapped using LUCAS Land Use and Land Cover data (Eurostat, 2015). By identifying certain combinations of primary and secondary land cover and/or land management it was possible to identify agroforestry points and stratify them in the three different systems. According to our estimate using the LUCAS database the total area under agroforestry in the EU 27 is about 15.4 million ha which is equivalent to about 3.6% of the territorial area and 8.8% of the utilised agricultural area. Of our three studied systems, livestock agroforestry covers about 15.1 million ha which is by far the largest area. High value tree agroforestry and arable agroforestry cover 1.1 and 0.3 million ha respectively. Spain (5.6 million ha), France (1.6 million ha), Greece (1.6 million ha), Italy (1.4 million ha), Portugal (1.2 million ha), Romania (0.9 million ha) and Bulgaria (0.9 million ha) have the largest absolute area of agroforestry. However the extent of agroforestry, expressed as a proportion of the utilised agricultural area (UAA), is greatest in countries like Cyprus (40% of UAA), Portugal (32% of UAA) and Greece (31% of UAA). A cluster analysis revealed that a high abundance of agroforestry areas can be found in the south-west quadrat of the Iberian Peninsula, the south of France, Sardinia, south and central Italy, central and north-east Greece, south and central Bulgaria, and central Romania. Since the data were collected and analysed in a uniform manner it is now possible to make comparisons between countries and identify regions in Europe where agroforestry is already widely practiced and areas where there are opportunities for practicing agroforestry on a larger area and introducing novel practices. In addition, with this method it is possible to make more precise estimates on the extent of agroforestry in Europe and changes over time. Because agroforestry covers a considerable part of the agricultural land in the EU, it is crucial that it gets a more prominent and clearer place in EU statistical reporting in order to provide decision makers with more reliable information on the extent and nature of agroforestry. Reliable information, in turn, should help to guide policy development and implementation, and the evaluation of the impact of agricultural and other policies on agroforestry
Michael Den Herder; Gerardo Moreno; María R Osa Mosquera-Losada; Joao Palma; Anna Sidiropoulou; José Javier Santiago-Freijanes; Josep Crous-Duran; Joana Amaral Paulo; Margarida Tomé; Anastasia Pantera; Vasilios P. Papanastasis; Kostas Mantzanas; Przemko Pachana; Andreas Papadopoulos; Tobias Plieninger; Paul Burgess. Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2017, 241, 121 -132.
AMA StyleMichael Den Herder, Gerardo Moreno, María R Osa Mosquera-Losada, Joao Palma, Anna Sidiropoulou, José Javier Santiago-Freijanes, Josep Crous-Duran, Joana Amaral Paulo, Margarida Tomé, Anastasia Pantera, Vasilios P. Papanastasis, Kostas Mantzanas, Przemko Pachana, Andreas Papadopoulos, Tobias Plieninger, Paul Burgess. Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2017; 241 ():121-132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Den Herder; Gerardo Moreno; María R Osa Mosquera-Losada; Joao Palma; Anna Sidiropoulou; José Javier Santiago-Freijanes; Josep Crous-Duran; Joana Amaral Paulo; Margarida Tomé; Anastasia Pantera; Vasilios P. Papanastasis; Kostas Mantzanas; Przemko Pachana; Andreas Papadopoulos; Tobias Plieninger; Paul Burgess. 2017. "Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 241, no. : 121-132.
Martha Demertzi; Jorge Sierra-Pérez; Joana Amaral Paulo; Luis Arroja; Ana Dias. Environmental performance of expanded cork slab and granules through life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 145, 294 -302.
AMA StyleMartha Demertzi, Jorge Sierra-Pérez, Joana Amaral Paulo, Luis Arroja, Ana Dias. Environmental performance of expanded cork slab and granules through life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 145 ():294-302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartha Demertzi; Jorge Sierra-Pérez; Joana Amaral Paulo; Luis Arroja; Ana Dias. 2017. "Environmental performance of expanded cork slab and granules through life cycle assessment." Journal of Cleaner Production 145, no. : 294-302.
In the present study, a simulation model for the calculation of the carbon footprint of the cork oak sector (CCFM) is developed for the first time. A life cycle approach is adopted including the forest management, manufacturing, use and end-of-life stages. CCFM allows the user to insert the cork type used as raw material and its respective quantity and the distances in-between the various stages. The user can choose among different end-of-life destination options for the used cork products. The option of inserting different inputs, allows the use of the present simulation model for different cork oak systems, in different countries and with different conditions. CCFM allows the identification of the stages and products with the greatest carbon footprint and thus, a better management of the sector from an environmental perspective. The Portuguese cork oak sector is used as an application example of the model. The results obtained showed that the agglomeration industry is the hotspot for the carbon footprint of the cork sector mainly due to the production of the resins that are mixed with the cork granules for the production of agglomerated cork products. The consideration of the biogenic carbon emissions and sequestration of carbon at the forest in the carbon footprint, resulted to a great decrease of the sector's carbon footprint. Future actions for improvement are suggested in order to decrease the carbon footprint of the entire cork sector. It was found that by decreasing by 10% the emission factor of the agglomeration and transformation industries, substituting the transport trucks by more recent ones and by decreasing by 10% the cork products reaching the landfilling end-of-life destinations (while increasing the quantities reaching incineration and recycling), a decrease of the total CF (excluding the biogenic emissions and sequestration) of the entire cork industry by 10% can be achieved.
Martha Demertzi; Joana Amaral Paulo; Luís Arroja; Ana Cláudia Dias. A carbon footprint simulation model for the cork oak sector. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 566-567, 499 -511.
AMA StyleMartha Demertzi, Joana Amaral Paulo, Luís Arroja, Ana Cláudia Dias. A carbon footprint simulation model for the cork oak sector. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 566-567 ():499-511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartha Demertzi; Joana Amaral Paulo; Luís Arroja; Ana Cláudia Dias. 2016. "A carbon footprint simulation model for the cork oak sector." Science of The Total Environment 566-567, no. : 499-511.
J.A. Paulo; S.P. Faias; C. Ventura-Giroux; Margarida Tomé. Estimation of stand crown cover using a generalized crown diameter model: application for the analysis of Portuguese cork oak stands stocking evolution. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 2016, 9, 437 -444.
AMA StyleJ.A. Paulo, S.P. Faias, C. Ventura-Giroux, Margarida Tomé. Estimation of stand crown cover using a generalized crown diameter model: application for the analysis of Portuguese cork oak stands stocking evolution. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2016; 9 (3):437-444.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.A. Paulo; S.P. Faias; C. Ventura-Giroux; Margarida Tomé. 2016. "Estimation of stand crown cover using a generalized crown diameter model: application for the analysis of Portuguese cork oak stands stocking evolution." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 9, no. 3: 437-444.
The influence of tree and stand variables, debarking intensity, and precipitation on the caliper of cork produced by a tree and on the evolution of cork caliper between consecutive cork extractions was researched. A total of 370 cork samples were collected in 23 permanent plots distributed across the cork production area in Portugal, covering a period from 1984 to 2010. Cork growth was evaluated using the cork growth index (cgi), defined as the radial width of the first eight complete years of cork growth after stripping. The differences in mean cgi at plot level between two consecutive cork growth periods (cgp) were assessed using nonparametric tests. A mixed model approach was used due to the nested structure of the data for modelling cgi value at tree level. The cgi of two consecutive cork extractions is linearly related at tree level. At plot level, the mean value of cgi decreased in 5 out of the 23 plots and increased in 2 plots for α = 0.05. The number of debarked branches and the variation of precipitation between two cgp were the variables that explained the largest part of the cgi evolution. However, significance of plot random parameters indicates that other variables are involved in the tree cgi evolution, pointing out to the need of further research. Tree size and precipitation during the cgp are related to the individual tree cgi. The effect of increasing stand density and debarking intensity on cork growth was not clear. Long term research based on permanent plot measurements and research trials is needed to clarify the impact of tree competition and debarking intensity.
Joana Amaral Paulo; Helena Pereira; Margarida Tomé. Analysis of variables influencing tree cork caliper in two consecutive cork extractions using cork growth index modelling. Agroforestry Systems 2016, 91, 221 -237.
AMA StyleJoana Amaral Paulo, Helena Pereira, Margarida Tomé. Analysis of variables influencing tree cork caliper in two consecutive cork extractions using cork growth index modelling. Agroforestry Systems. 2016; 91 (2):221-237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoana Amaral Paulo; Helena Pereira; Margarida Tomé. 2016. "Analysis of variables influencing tree cork caliper in two consecutive cork extractions using cork growth index modelling." Agroforestry Systems 91, no. 2: 221-237.
Cork oak stands are one of the major sources of income from Portuguese Mediterranean forests. Future climate is projected to increase temperatures, reduce precipitation and decrease current forests’ productivity and therefore, adapting management, is a key strategy to mitigate impacts of future climate on cork supply. The central objective of this research was to compare conventional and adaptive management regimes under scenarios of climate change. The adaptive management focussed on adopting optimal harvest schedules while considering different management objectives. The study focused on the Chamusca region, one of the most productive areas of cork, and considered four distinct spatial scales for analysis. For each scale, the management objective was defined according to field information and considered the maximization of cork production while targeting different cork harvesting flows: (a) more frequent and regular or (b) less frequent and concentrated. A forest growth model was used to simulate climate change impact on future yield of cork oak stands under different forest management alternatives. A mixed integer programming model was developed to find the most adequate cork debarking cycle calendar for cork oak stands. Our results suggest that (1) business as usual management under climate change scenarios could decrease cork supply and carbon stock in the tree component of the forests by up to 20 and 30 %, respectively, (2) the development of adaptive management strategies, including cork extraction schedule optimization, to address climate change has advantages over traditional practices and (3) may contribute further to increase cork production (up to double productivity in mid-long term) while addressing concerns with the regulation of cork extraction flows through the adaptation of debarking periods. The mixed integer programming allowed the spatial visualization of the debarking cycle delay. Furthermore, results underline the relevance of an approach to develop adaptive management strategies that can consider different management goals, with different constraints to address climate change.
João H. N. Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; Sónia Pacheco Faias; Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo; Jose Borges; Margarida Tomé. Adaptive management and debarking schedule optimization of Quercus suber L. stands under climate change: case study in Chamusca, Portugal. Regional Environmental Change 2015, 15, 1569 -1580.
AMA StyleJoão H. N. Palma, Joana Amaral Paulo, Sónia Pacheco Faias, Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo, Jose Borges, Margarida Tomé. Adaptive management and debarking schedule optimization of Quercus suber L. stands under climate change: case study in Chamusca, Portugal. Regional Environmental Change. 2015; 15 (8):1569-1580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoão H. N. Palma; Joana Amaral Paulo; Sónia Pacheco Faias; Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo; Jose Borges; Margarida Tomé. 2015. "Adaptive management and debarking schedule optimization of Quercus suber L. stands under climate change: case study in Chamusca, Portugal." Regional Environmental Change 15, no. 8: 1569-1580.