Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles between 0.1 and 5000 µm in size that have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community and the general public, as they threaten the environment. Microplastics contribute to various harmful effects, including lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, cell membrane breakages, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal defects, inflammation, and apoptosis. They affect cells, tissues, organs, and overall health, potentially contributing to conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease. They pose a significant danger due to their widespread occurrence in food. In recent years, information has emerged indicating that MPs can cause oxidative stress (OS), a known factor in accelerating the aging of organisms. This comprehensive evaluation exposed notable variability in the reported connection between MPs and OS. This work aims to provide a critical review of whether the harmfulness of plastic particles that constitute environmental contaminants may result from OS through a comprehensive analysis of recent research and existing scientific literature, as well as an assessment of the characteristics of MPs causing OS. Additionally, the article covers the analytical methodology used in this field. The conclusions of this review point to the necessity for further research into the effects of MPs on OS.

The present study measured the concentrations of toxic metals (Cd, Pb) and other elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni) in tea leaves and their infusions. The total metal contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Phosphorus concentration was determined using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. Assessment of the mineral composition enabled determination of the leaching percentage and the risk of exceeding provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd through daily tea consumption. The concentrations of bioelements were analyzed based on the recommended daily intake values for each. According to recently established standards, green tea was found to be a rich source of Mn. The average Pb and Cd levels in a 200-mL beverage were 0.002 and 0.003 mg, respectively. Indian teas had the highest percentage of Cd leaching (43.8 %) and Chinese tea had the lowest (9.41 %). Multivariate analysis techniques such as factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to differentiate samples according to geographical origin (China, India, or Japan). Potassium, P, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, and Cd were effective descriptors for the identification of tea samples from China, India, and Japan.

In the present study, the composition of bio-elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) and toxic elements (Ag, Cd) in seven edible mushrooms from the rural and woodland region of Morąg (north-eastern Poland) and the rural and industrial region of the Tarnobrzeska Upland (south-eastern Poland) were investigated using a validated method. The species examined were Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Leccinum aurantiacum, Leccinum versipelle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Suillus luteus, and Xerocomus subtomentosus. Final determination was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) after microwave-assisted decomposition of sample matrices with solutions of concentrated nitric acid in the pressurized polytetrafluoroethylene vessels. The contents of the alkali elements and alkali earth elements were determined in the species surveyed. The alkali elements, earth alkali elements, and transition metals (Ag, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn) were at typical concentrations as was determined for the same or similar species elsewhere in Poland and Europe. The results may suggest a lack of local and regional emissions of those metallic elements from industrialization of some sites in the Tarnobrzeska Plain. Cadmium was at elevated concentrations in L. versipelle from the Tarnobrzeska Plain but the reason—pollution or geogenic source—was unknown, while it was at typical concentrations in other species.

The aim of the study was to determine oxalate content in black, dark and green teas as well as to estimate the content ratio of Mg to Ca in tea infusions that is significant for patients with kidney stones. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Ca and Mg, while oxalate was analyzed by manganometric method. The highest levels of oxalate were found in black and dark tea (156 and 224 mg/200 mL, respectively) and the lowest in green tea (80 mg/200 mL). The greatest degree of leaching to tea infusions was determined for Mg in green (37 %) and black tea (34 %). The lowest percentage of leaching was estimated for Ca (7 %) in black tea. It was concluded that people with hyperoxaluria or a tendency to form kidney stones should consume tea, especially this of darker color, in moderate quantities.

The issue of nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment, following that of microplastics (MPs), is receiving increasing attention in the scientific community. Due to their size, these particles require the development and application of new methods for both quantitative and qualitative determination. Consequently, techniques commonly used for analyzing MPs may prove ineffective in the context of NPs. Isolating NPs from samples with complex matrices poses a significant challenge that directly affects analytical outcomes. This paper aims to discuss the main challenges encountered during the analysis of NPs in environmental samples. Various methods for the visualization and identification of NPs are examined, with a focus on microscopic, spectroscopic, and thermal techniques. The advantages and limitations of analytical approaches reported in the literature are summarized, offering guidance for the future development and standardization of methods used to determine NPs in environmental contexts.