Cement is an essential basic and resource, which has a significant impact on the Chinese national economy. However, at present, cement is still an unsustainable basic building material, and as such cannot be reused. During the production process, cement consumes a great deal of coal, electricity, and other energy resources. In this way, cement belongs to the category of traditional industries with a high-energy consumption and environmental impact, including the emission of serious levels of air pollutants such as dust. With increasingly serious problems relating to resources and the environment in China, the problem of energy saving and emission reduction in the cement industry is becoming more and more important. We use the translog cost function to investigate inter-factor and inter-fuel substitution in China’s cement industry over the period from 1994 to 2014. The results revealed that capital is in an absolute core position, so energy or the labor force has no obvious substitution effect on capital, which leads to more and more reliance on the capital input of the cement industry. In addition, the substitution elasticity of coal and oil in the cement industry is very high. Therefore, in the process of cement production, it is possible to promote the use of natural gas.

Traditional nonintelligent signal control systems are typically used in road traffic signal systems, which cannot provide optimal guidance and have low traffic efficiency during rush hour. This study proposes a traffic signal phase dynamic timing optimization strategy based on a time convolution network and attention mechanism to improve traffic efficiency at intersections. The corresponding optimization was performed after predicting traffic conditions with different impacts using the digital twinning technique. This method uses a time-convolution network to extract the cross-time nonlinear characteristics of traffic data at road intersections. An attention mechanism was introduced to capture the relationship between the importance distribution and duration of the historical time series to predict the traffic flow at an intersection. The interpretability and prediction accuracy of the model was effectively improved. The model was tested using traffic flow data from a signalized intersection in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, China. The experimental results indicate that the model generated by training has a strong learning ability for the temporal characteristics of traffic flow. The model has high prediction accuracy, good optimization results, and wide application prospects in different scenarios.

Radiation detected by sensors can reveal information regarding canopy structure and leaf surface properties. It has been shown that the scattering coefficient (W_λ), a ‘pure’ spectrum obtained after correction for the effect of canopy structure on the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), can provide information about biochemical composition; e.g. nitrogen content, more objectively. However, specular radiation reflected from leaf surface (without any information from the leaf interior) has a potential influence on W_λ and thus consequently affects the estimation of canopy nitrogen content (CNC). The so-called specular reflection influence has rarely been studied. Polarized reflectance (R_p), as part of the specular reflectance, was used to assess this kind of influence. To model the accurate R_p within the study area, six bidirectional polarization distribution function (BPDF) models were intercompared, using the existing POLDER/PARASOL R_p database, to produce R_p for three vegetation types: needleleaf, broadleaf, and mixed forest. Then, correction for polarized reflection and canopy structure was made to yield a more reasonable and accurate W_λ. An efficient interval partial least-squares regression (iPLSR) method for CNC estimation was used to analyse the impact of polarized reflection on both the 400 nm–2,500-nm canopy W_λ and CNC estimation. The results showed that the contribution of polarization was greater in the strong-absorption spectral region, with an influence on W_λ estimation of up to 25% and 28% in the visible and short-wave infrared regions, respectively. Also, improvements of 0.93% in average regarding the relative mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) were seen in CNC estimation accuracy. Moreover, sensitivity analyses of BPDF model parameters, and of the fixed total number of intervals in the iPLSR were also conducted. Improvements with an average of 1.19% regarding the RMSECV was consistently seen in the accuracy of CNC regression after polarization correction, no matter how many fixed intervals were. The results also gave guides on the selection of spectral regions used to estimate forest CNC.

There are two widely recognized global fields in nature: the gravity field and the geomagnetic field. Universal gravitation and Earth rotation are important sources of the Earth’s gravity and geomagnetic fields, which are well known to us. After years of long-term observation, global research, and analysis, it was discovered that we have neglected a direct incident energy of the universe on the Earth. Solar radiation, leading to energy exchange from the atmosphere 100 km above the land surface, is the energy source of the Earth. Polarization is one of the four basic physical properties of solar radiation. After the solar radiation reaches the surface of these media, it reflects, scatters or refracts, and exhibits different degrees of polarization. The polarized solar light forms the Earth–sky polarization vector field. The polarized light dispersion is expected to become a new method for global analysis of the human environment. Polarization detection is the best way to accurately explore the atmospheric effects. Local polarized skylight distribution was found in different sites in the world; however, the global distribution of the polarized sunlight radiation has never been explored. In this paper, we investigate the Global Skylight Polarization Field. This study aimed at providing new insight into the laws of polarization over our Earth. We use a Rayleigh scattering model to obtain the simulation results of the sky polarization field. Rayleigh scattering occurs when the particle size is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave. We also use a polarized fisheye camera to collect the sky polarization image and calculate the distribution pattern of the DOLP (degree of linear polarization) and AOLP (azimuth of linear polarization) of the skylight. The stability and gradual change in the degree of polarization in the zenith direction are verified, and the distribution law and daily change law of the degree of polarization in the sky are obtained. With the increase in the solar altitude angle, the degree of polarization will decrease. We also observed the skylight polarization in different weather conditions. Our results demonstrate the physical basis, characteristics, and usability of the polarization field. They show an inevitable trend from optical remote sensing to polarization remote sensing.

Oil spills lead to catastrophic problems. In most oil spill cases, the spatial and temporal intractability of the detriment cannot be neglected, and problems related to economic, social and environmental factors constantly appear for a long time. Remote sensing has been widely used as a powerful means to conduct oil spill detection. Optical polarization remote sensing, thriving in recent years, shows a novel potential for oil spill detection. This paper provides a demonstration of the use of open-source POLDER/PARASOL polarization time-series data to detect oil spill. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, one of the largest oil spill disasters, is utilized to explore the potential of optical polarization remote sensing for oil spill detection. A total of 24 feature combinations are organized to quantitatively study the positive effect of adding polarization information and the appropriate way to describe polarization characteristics. Random forest classifier models are trained with different combinations, and the results are assessed by 10-fold cross-validation. The improvement from adding polarization characteristics is remarkable ((average) accuracy: +0.51%; recall: +2.83%; precision: +3.49%; F₁ score: +3.01%, (maximum) accuracy: +0.80%; recall: +5.09%; precision: +6.92%; F₁ score: +4.72%), and coupling between the degree of polarization and the phase angle of polarization provides the best description of polarization information. This study confirms the potential of optical polarization remote sensing for oil spill detection, and some detailed problems related to model establishment and polarization feature characterization are discussed for the further application of polarization information.

Image segmentation plays a significant role in remote sensing image processing. Among numerous segmentation algorithms, the region-merging segmentation algorithm is widely used due to its well-organized structure and outstanding results. Many merging criteria (MC) were designed to improve the accuracy of region-merging segmentation, but each MC has its own shortcomings, which can cause segmentation errors. Segmentation accuracy can be improved by referring to the segmentation results. To achieve this, an approach for detecting and correcting region-merging image segmentation errors is proposed, and then an iterative optimization model is established. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) The conflict types of matching segment pairs are divided into scale-expression conflict (SEC) and region-ownership conflict (ROC), and ROC is more suitable for optimization. (2) An equal-scale local evaluation method was designed to quantify the optimization potential of ROC. (3) A regional anchoring strategy is proposed to preserve the results of the previous iteration optimization. Three QuickBird satellite images of different land-cover types were used for validating the proposed approach. Both unsupervised and supervised evaluation results prove that the proposed approach can effectively improve segmentation accuracy. All explicit and implicit optimization modes are concluded, which further illustrate the stability of the proposed approach.