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PLA-flax non-woven composites are promising materials, coupling high performance and possible degradation at their end of life. To explore their ageing mechanisms during garden composting, microstructural investigations were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observe that flax fibres preferentially degrade ‘inwards’ from the edge to the core of the composite. In addition, progressive erosion of the cell walls occurs within the fibres themselves, ‘outwards’ from the central lumen to the periphery primary wall. This preferential degradation is reflected in the decrease in indentation modulus from around 23 GPa for fibres located in the preserved core of the composite to 3–4 GPa for the remaining outer-most cell wall crowns located at the edge of the sample that is in contact with the compost. Ageing of the PLA matrix is less drastic with a relatively stable indentation modulus. Nevertheless, a change in the PLA morphology, a significant decrease in its roughness and increase of porosity, can be observed towards the edge of the sample, in comparison to the core. This work highlights the important role of intrinsic fibre porosity, called lumen, which is suspected to be a major variable of the compost ageing process, providing pathways of entry for moisture and microorganisms that are involved in cell wall degradation.
Alessia Melelli; Delphin Pantaloni; Eric Balnois; Olivier Arnould; Frédéric Jamme; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Alain Bourmaud. Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting. Polymers 2021, 13, 2225 .
AMA StyleAlessia Melelli, Delphin Pantaloni, Eric Balnois, Olivier Arnould, Frédéric Jamme, Christophe Baley, Johnny Beaugrand, Darshil Shah, Alain Bourmaud. Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting. Polymers. 2021; 13 (14):2225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Melelli; Delphin Pantaloni; Eric Balnois; Olivier Arnould; Frédéric Jamme; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Alain Bourmaud. 2021. "Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting." Polymers 13, no. 14: 2225.
Liquid composite moulding (LCM) of plant fibre composites has gained much attention for the development of structural biobased composites. To produce quality composites, better understanding of the resin impregnation process and flow behaviour in plant fibre reinforcements is vital. By reviewing the literature, we aim to identify key plant fibre reinforcement-specific factors that influence, if not govern, the mould filling stage during LCM of plant fibre composites. In particular, the differences in structure (physical and biochemical) for plant and synthetic fibres, their semi-products (i.e., yarns and rovings), and their mats and textiles are shown to have a perceptible effect on their compaction, in-plane permeability, and processing via LCM. In addition to examining the effects of dual-scale flow, resin absorption, (subsequent) fibre swelling, capillarity, and time-dependent saturated and unsaturated permeability that are specific to plant fibre reinforcements, we also review the various models utilised to predict and simulate resin impregnation during LCM of plant fibre composites.
Delphin Pantaloni; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley; Mike J. Clifford; Michael H. Ramage; Darshil U. Shah. A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites. Materials 2020, 13, 4811 .
AMA StyleDelphin Pantaloni, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley, Mike J. Clifford, Michael H. Ramage, Darshil U. Shah. A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites. Materials. 2020; 13 (21):4811.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelphin Pantaloni; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley; Mike J. Clifford; Michael H. Ramage; Darshil U. Shah. 2020. "A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites." Materials 13, no. 21: 4811.
Christophe Baley. What Obstacles Need to Be Overcome in Order to Optimize Performance and Develop Spplications for Biocomposites? Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 2019, 29, 193 -199.
AMA StyleChristophe Baley. What Obstacles Need to Be Overcome in Order to Optimize Performance and Develop Spplications for Biocomposites? Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés. 2019; 29 (4):193-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley. 2019. "What Obstacles Need to Be Overcome in Order to Optimize Performance and Develop Spplications for Biocomposites?" Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 29, no. 4: 193-199.
The use of composite materials reinforced by flax fibres has been increasing steadily over the last 20 years. These fibres show attractive mechanical properties but also some particularities (naturally limited length, presence of a lumen, fibres grouped in bundles in the plant, complex surface properties and composition). An analysis of the available literature indicates that the quality of the composite materials studied is not always optimal (high porosity, incomplete impregnation, heterogeneous microstructure, variable fibre orientation). This paper reviews published data on the specific nature of flax fibres with respect to manufacturing of biocomposites (defined here as polymers reinforced by natural fibres). All the important steps in the process which influence final properties are analyzed, including the plant development, retting, fibre extraction, fibre treatment, preform preparation, available manufacturing processes, the impregnation step, fibre cell wall changes during processing and fibre/matrix adhesion.
Christophe Baley; Moussa Gomina; Joel Breard; Alain Bourmaud; Sylvain Drapier; Manuela Ferreira; Antoine Le Duigou; Pierre Jacques Liotier; Pierre Ouagne; Damien Soulat; Peter Davies. Specific features of flax fibres used to manufacture composite materials. International Journal of Material Forming 2018, 12, 1023 -1052.
AMA StyleChristophe Baley, Moussa Gomina, Joel Breard, Alain Bourmaud, Sylvain Drapier, Manuela Ferreira, Antoine Le Duigou, Pierre Jacques Liotier, Pierre Ouagne, Damien Soulat, Peter Davies. Specific features of flax fibres used to manufacture composite materials. International Journal of Material Forming. 2018; 12 (6):1023-1052.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley; Moussa Gomina; Joel Breard; Alain Bourmaud; Sylvain Drapier; Manuela Ferreira; Antoine Le Duigou; Pierre Jacques Liotier; Pierre Ouagne; Damien Soulat; Peter Davies. 2018. "Specific features of flax fibres used to manufacture composite materials." International Journal of Material Forming 12, no. 6: 1023-1052.
Camille Goudenhooft; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. Conventional or greenhouse cultivation of flax: What influence on the number and quality of flax fibers? Industrial Crops and Products 2018, 123, 111 -117.
AMA StyleCamille Goudenhooft, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley. Conventional or greenhouse cultivation of flax: What influence on the number and quality of flax fibers? Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 123 ():111-117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamille Goudenhooft; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Conventional or greenhouse cultivation of flax: What influence on the number and quality of flax fibers?" Industrial Crops and Products 123, no. : 111-117.
David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. Corrigendum to “Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM” [Polym. Test. 69 (2018) 91–99]. Polymer Testing 2018, 72, 439 .
AMA StyleDavid Siniscalco, Olivier Arnould, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Christophe Baley. Corrigendum to “Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM” [Polym. Test. 69 (2018) 91–99]. Polymer Testing. 2018; 72 ():439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Corrigendum to “Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM” [Polym. Test. 69 (2018) 91–99]." Polymer Testing 72, no. : 439.
David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM. Polymer Testing 2018, 69, 91 -99.
AMA StyleDavid Siniscalco, Olivier Arnould, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Christophe Baley. Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM. Polymer Testing. 2018; 69 ():91-99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM." Polymer Testing 69, no. : 91-99.
The control of hemp plant harvesting, in particular the retting process, represents the major step for the development of high-performance hemp biocomposites. In this study, the consequences of hemp retting on the ease of fibre extraction and tensile properties of elementary hemp fibres is explored. Stem peeling experiments are combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the influence of the retting degree in plants. After studying the evolution of fracture energy at the fibre/woody core interphase within the stem, this work investigates fracture mechanisms during peeling experiments which aims to understand the evolution of fibre bundle cohesion during retting. A drastic drop of fracture energy reveals the impact of retting on the ease of peeling the outer tissue of the stem (containing fibre bundles), leading to less damage of fibres during the extraction process. The positive impact of retting on various fibre defects combined together leads to a 33% increase in the tangent modulus between non-retted and retted fibres, highlighting the importance of understanding the retting process to open up to new markets for biocomposites.
Samuel Réquilé; Antoine Le Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. Peeling experiments for hemp retting characterization targeting biocomposites. Industrial Crops and Products 2018, 123, 573 -580.
AMA StyleSamuel Réquilé, Antoine Le Duigou, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley. Peeling experiments for hemp retting characterization targeting biocomposites. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 123 ():573-580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Réquilé; Antoine Le Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Peeling experiments for hemp retting characterization targeting biocomposites." Industrial Crops and Products 123, no. : 573-580.
Despite the wide development of biocomposites, their compressive behaviour is still not well understood. In this paper, the longitudinal compressive and tensile behaviour of unidirectional natural fibres is studied through a parametric analysis taking into account the nature of the fibre (flax or jute), the matrix (thermoplastic and thermoset: PP, PP/MAPP, PA11, epoxy or acrylic), the fibre volume fraction and the fibre/matrix bond strength. In parallel with this approach, the quasi-static tensile behaviour is also investigated to allow comparisons. At low strains, the compressive and tensile moduli are closely similar. On the other hand, the compressive strength is systematically lower than the tensile strength whatever the fibre and matrix used. With a PP matrix, use of a coupling agent (MA) to improve the Interfacial Shear Strength (IFSS) leads to an increase of strength, which highlights the importance of this parameter. The compressive strength increases with the fibre volume fraction, but the maximum value remains lower than 140 MPa. Back calculation allows us to estimate the compressive strength of the flax fibres as 240 MPa, which appears as a current limit for the dimensioning of biocomposite structures.
Christophe Baley; Marine Lan; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou. Compressive and tensile behaviour of unidirectional composites reinforced by natural fibres: Influence of fibres (flax and jute), matrix and fibre volume fraction. Materials Today Communications 2018, 16, 300 -306.
AMA StyleChristophe Baley, Marine Lan, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou. Compressive and tensile behaviour of unidirectional composites reinforced by natural fibres: Influence of fibres (flax and jute), matrix and fibre volume fraction. Materials Today Communications. 2018; 16 ():300-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley; Marine Lan; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou. 2018. "Compressive and tensile behaviour of unidirectional composites reinforced by natural fibres: Influence of fibres (flax and jute), matrix and fibre volume fraction." Materials Today Communications 16, no. : 300-306.
For the past 15 years, there has been tremendous interest and technological development concerning biocomposites. Plant fibres can be derived from a multitude of natural agro-sources, with the preferred choice as a composite reinforcement often being driven by abundance, geographical location, and historical use. While from a product designer's or engineer's point of view, all plant cell walls are 'similar', they have indeed substantial morphological and mechanical diversity linked to their structure, biochemical composition and the plant growing conditions. Here, we provide a holistic overview of the main types of plant cell walls used as polymer reinforcements. The relationship between their structures and properties, in constant link with potential associated composite, is specifically discussed. Then, the fibre extraction and cultivation modes are compared, through an environmental assessment. We also show how a scientist's point of view on cell wall structure and associated experimental approach lead to distinct results; following a critical review, we make recommendations on appropriate characterisation. A final discussion highlights the pertinent parameters that accurately define a composite reinforcement fibre. The review will serve as a handbook reference for researchers and designers in the field of biomaterials for appropriate selection of plant cell walls for specific composite applications.
Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Vincent Placet; Christophe Baley. Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites. Progress in Materials Science 2018, 97, 347 -408.
AMA StyleAlain Bourmaud, Johnny Beaugrand, Darshil Shah, Vincent Placet, Christophe Baley. Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites. Progress in Materials Science. 2018; 97 ():347-408.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Vincent Placet; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites." Progress in Materials Science 97, no. : 347-408.
Morgane Tanguy; Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand; Thierry Gaudry; Christophe Baley. Polypropylene reinforcement with flax or jute fibre; Influence of microstructure and constituents properties on the performance of composite. Composites Part B: Engineering 2018, 139, 64 -74.
AMA StyleMorgane Tanguy, Alain Bourmaud, Johnny Beaugrand, Thierry Gaudry, Christophe Baley. Polypropylene reinforcement with flax or jute fibre; Influence of microstructure and constituents properties on the performance of composite. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2018; 139 ():64-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorgane Tanguy; Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand; Thierry Gaudry; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Polypropylene reinforcement with flax or jute fibre; Influence of microstructure and constituents properties on the performance of composite." Composites Part B: Engineering 139, no. : 64-74.
The purpose of this article is to understand the influence of typical composite parameters (interfacial bond strength, surface-area and fibre mechanical properties) on the tensile properties of nonwoven composite materials. The materials investigated were flax, hemp and Poly-(propylene) (PP) and Maleic Anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP), which provide different configurations in terms of fibre mechanical properties, bundle individualisation and fibre/matrix interface. Whereas hemp fibres exhibit poorer tensile properties and lower bundle individualisation than flax fibres, their higher lignin content evaluated by FT-IR analysis improves the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) with PP and MAPP. However, the tight interface developed with hemp fibres has only a weak effect at the scale of composites. With low-IFSS systems such as plant fibres associated with polyolefin matrices, mechanical properties at the macroscale are governed by the fibre mechanical properties and bonding area rather than by the interfacial bond strength.
Justin Merotte; Antoine Le Duigou; Antoine Kervoelen; Alain Bourmaud; Karim Behlouli; Olivier Sire; Christophe Baley. Flax and hemp nonwoven composites: The contribution of interfacial bonding to improving tensile properties. Polymer Testing 2018, 66, 303 -311.
AMA StyleJustin Merotte, Antoine Le Duigou, Antoine Kervoelen, Alain Bourmaud, Karim Behlouli, Olivier Sire, Christophe Baley. Flax and hemp nonwoven composites: The contribution of interfacial bonding to improving tensile properties. Polymer Testing. 2018; 66 ():303-311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJustin Merotte; Antoine Le Duigou; Antoine Kervoelen; Alain Bourmaud; Karim Behlouli; Olivier Sire; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Flax and hemp nonwoven composites: The contribution of interfacial bonding to improving tensile properties." Polymer Testing 66, no. : 303-311.
Samuel Réquilé; Camille Goudenhooft; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. Exploring the link between flexural behaviour of hemp and flax stems and fibre stiffness. Industrial Crops and Products 2018, 113, 179 -186.
AMA StyleSamuel Réquilé, Camille Goudenhooft, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Christophe Baley. Exploring the link between flexural behaviour of hemp and flax stems and fibre stiffness. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 113 ():179-186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Réquilé; Camille Goudenhooft; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Exploring the link between flexural behaviour of hemp and flax stems and fibre stiffness." Industrial Crops and Products 113, no. : 179-186.
Density is one of the fundamental properties of fibres which reinforce polymer matrix composites, and is used both to estimate composite weight and to evaluate fibre content for property predictions. For traditional composites, reinforced by glass or carbon fibres, unique density values are well known for a particular fibre grade and provide reliable fibre content estimations and composite property predictions. However, this is not the case for natural fibres. This paper first reviews published density values for flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibres and describes the limitations of techniques used to measure fibre density. Significant variations in published densities are found, which can be related to the measurement method. New data quantify the influence of measurement technique, fibre extraction route, moisture content, and reinforcement geometry. Values obtained by buoyancy are around 10% lower than those obtained by pycnometry. Finally the consequences of measured density variations on property estimations for long fibre composites are discussed; volume fraction values calculated from buoyancy provide more accurate tensile modulus values compared to experimental values than those from gas pycnometry; the former are recommended for predictive use.
Maelenn Le Gall; Peter Davies; Nicolas Martin; Christophe Baley. Recommended flax fibre density values for composite property predictions. Industrial Crops and Products 2018, 114, 52 -58.
AMA StyleMaelenn Le Gall, Peter Davies, Nicolas Martin, Christophe Baley. Recommended flax fibre density values for composite property predictions. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 114 ():52-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaelenn Le Gall; Peter Davies; Nicolas Martin; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Recommended flax fibre density values for composite property predictions." Industrial Crops and Products 114, no. : 52-58.
Mehdi Afshari; Christophe Baley; Thomas Bechtold; Alain Bourmaud; Anthony R. Bunsell; Han G. Chae; Philippe Colomban; Peter Davies; Yehia Elmogahzy; Ramsis Farag; Bruno Fayolle; Bhupender S. Gupta; J. Martin Herrera Ramirez; Norman T. Huff; Michael G. Huson; Michael Jaffe; Hafsa Jamshaid; Vincent Jauzein; Na Jin; Sébastien Joannes; Frank R. Jones; Frank K. Ko; Christophe Le Clerc; Antoine Le Duigou; Xian Luo; Avinash P. Manian; Alba Marcellan; Bruce A. McGregor; Jiří Militký; Rajesh Mishra; Claudine Morvan; Bradley A. Newcomb; Alessandro Pegoretti; Tung Pham; Manickam Ramesh; Emmanuel Richaud; Ruchit G. Shah; Frederick H. Silver; Matteo Traina; Mohanapriya Venkataraman; Martin Vlasblom; Lynn Y. Wan; David Wilson. List of contributors. Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMehdi Afshari, Christophe Baley, Thomas Bechtold, Alain Bourmaud, Anthony R. Bunsell, Han G. Chae, Philippe Colomban, Peter Davies, Yehia Elmogahzy, Ramsis Farag, Bruno Fayolle, Bhupender S. Gupta, J. Martin Herrera Ramirez, Norman T. Huff, Michael G. Huson, Michael Jaffe, Hafsa Jamshaid, Vincent Jauzein, Na Jin, Sébastien Joannes, Frank R. Jones, Frank K. Ko, Christophe Le Clerc, Antoine Le Duigou, Xian Luo, Avinash P. Manian, Alba Marcellan, Bruce A. McGregor, Jiří Militký, Rajesh Mishra, Claudine Morvan, Bradley A. Newcomb, Alessandro Pegoretti, Tung Pham, Manickam Ramesh, Emmanuel Richaud, Ruchit G. Shah, Frederick H. Silver, Matteo Traina, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Martin Vlasblom, Lynn Y. Wan, David Wilson. List of contributors. Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Afshari; Christophe Baley; Thomas Bechtold; Alain Bourmaud; Anthony R. Bunsell; Han G. Chae; Philippe Colomban; Peter Davies; Yehia Elmogahzy; Ramsis Farag; Bruno Fayolle; Bhupender S. Gupta; J. Martin Herrera Ramirez; Norman T. Huff; Michael G. Huson; Michael Jaffe; Hafsa Jamshaid; Vincent Jauzein; Na Jin; Sébastien Joannes; Frank R. Jones; Frank K. Ko; Christophe Le Clerc; Antoine Le Duigou; Xian Luo; Avinash P. Manian; Alba Marcellan; Bruce A. McGregor; Jiří Militký; Rajesh Mishra; Claudine Morvan; Bradley A. Newcomb; Alessandro Pegoretti; Tung Pham; Manickam Ramesh; Emmanuel Richaud; Ruchit G. Shah; Frederick H. Silver; Matteo Traina; Mohanapriya Venkataraman; Martin Vlasblom; Lynn Y. Wan; David Wilson. 2018. "List of contributors." Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres , no. : 1.
The development of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibers was studied to obtain better insight on the progression of their high mechanical performances during plant growth. Fibers at two steps of plant development were studied, namely the end of the fast growth period and at plant maturity, each time at three plant heights. The indentation modulus of the fiber cell wall was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using peak-force quantitative nano-mechanical property mapping (PF-QNM). Changes in the cell wall modulus with the cell wall thickening were highlighted. For growing plants, fibers from top and middle heights show a loose inner Gn layer with a lower indentation modulus than mature fibers, which exhibit thickened homogeneous cell walls made only of a G layer. The influence of these changes in the fiber cell wall on the mechanical performances of extracted elementary fibers was also emphasized by tensile tests. In addition, Raman spectra were recorded on samples from both growing and mature plants. The results suggest that, for the fiber cell wall, the cellulose contribution increases with fiber maturity, leading to a greater cell wall modulus of flax fibers.
Camille Goudenhooft; David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Olivier Sire; Tatyana Gorshkova; Christophe Baley. Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure. Fibers 2018, 6, 6 .
AMA StyleCamille Goudenhooft, David Siniscalco, Olivier Arnould, Alain Bourmaud, Olivier Sire, Tatyana Gorshkova, Christophe Baley. Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure. Fibers. 2018; 6 (1):6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamille Goudenhooft; David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Olivier Sire; Tatyana Gorshkova; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure." Fibers 6, no. 1: 6.
The present paper proposes to carefully study and describe the reinforcement mechanisms within a flax stem, which is an exceptional natural model of composite structure. Thanks to accurate microscopic investigations, with both optical and SEM method, we finely depicted the flax stem architecture, which can be view as a composite structure with an outer protection, a unidirectional ply on the periphery and a porous core; each component has a specific function, such as mechanical reinforcement for the unidirectional ply and the porous core. The significant mechanical role of fibres was underlined, as well as their local organisation in cohesive bundles, obtained because of an intrusive growth and evidenced in this work through nanomechanical AFM measurement and 3D reconstruction. Following a biomimetic approach, these data provide a source of inspiration for the composite materials of tomorrow.
Christophe Baley; Camille Goudenhooft; Marianne Gibaud; Alain Bourmaud. Flax stems: from a specific architecture to an instructive model for bioinspired composite structures. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 2018, 13, 026007 .
AMA StyleChristophe Baley, Camille Goudenhooft, Marianne Gibaud, Alain Bourmaud. Flax stems: from a specific architecture to an instructive model for bioinspired composite structures. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2018; 13 (2):026007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley; Camille Goudenhooft; Marianne Gibaud; Alain Bourmaud. 2018. "Flax stems: from a specific architecture to an instructive model for bioinspired composite structures." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 13, no. 2: 026007.
Flax is a dicotyledon of the Linacea family, and the plant Linum usitatissimum L. is the most widely grown. It is an annual plant, it is resown annually, and it provides fibers and seeds rich in oil. Flax fibers find uses both in textiles but also for polymer reinforcement. These uses are understandable because they are available in Europe, know-how exists, the single fibers are long compared to many fibers obtained from plants and they have good mechanical properties. The aim of this chapter is to present the properties of flax fibers generally. In the first part, the plant will be presented, then the fibers and their mechanical properties. Finally, the chapter will be completed with remarks on the use of these fibers as polymer reinforcements.
Christophe Baley; Antoine Le Duigou; Claudine Morvan; Alain Bourmaud. Tensile properties of flax fibers. Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres 2018, 275 -300.
AMA StyleChristophe Baley, Antoine Le Duigou, Claudine Morvan, Alain Bourmaud. Tensile properties of flax fibers. Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres. 2018; ():275-300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley; Antoine Le Duigou; Claudine Morvan; Alain Bourmaud. 2018. "Tensile properties of flax fibers." Handbook of Properties of Textile and Technical Fibres , no. : 275-300.
International audiencePeak-Force Quantitative Nano-Mechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) and Micro Tomography were applied to explore the architecture and nano-mechanical properties of hemp secondary fibres cell walls. After a comparative morphological analysis of both primary and secondary fibres, secondary bundles structure and mechanical properties were investigated. As a first, it was showed that, in spite of important morphological differences, secondary fibres stiffness was the same that primary fibres one; moreover, innovative tomographic images gave an inedited representation of secondary bundles confirming the intrusive development of secondary hemp fibres
Alain Bourmaud; Jérôme Malvestio; Nicolas Lenoir; David Siniscalco; Anouck Habrant; Andrew King; David Legland; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand. Exploring the mechanical performance and in-planta architecture of secondary hemp fibres. Industrial Crops and Products 2017, 108, 1 -5.
AMA StyleAlain Bourmaud, Jérôme Malvestio, Nicolas Lenoir, David Siniscalco, Anouck Habrant, Andrew King, David Legland, Christophe Baley, Johnny Beaugrand. Exploring the mechanical performance and in-planta architecture of secondary hemp fibres. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017; 108 ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlain Bourmaud; Jérôme Malvestio; Nicolas Lenoir; David Siniscalco; Anouck Habrant; Andrew King; David Legland; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand. 2017. "Exploring the mechanical performance and in-planta architecture of secondary hemp fibres." Industrial Crops and Products 108, no. : 1-5.
International audienceThe present article aims to investigate the contribution of hygroscopic expansion of flax fibres to interfacial radial stresses and Interfacial Shear Strength (IFSS) of Maleic Anhydride grafted Polypropylene (MAPP)/Flax biocomposites. During manufacturing of thermoplastic biocomposites and storage at 50% RH, a weight variation is observed, attributed to water content evolution within plant cell-walls. The hygroscopic radial expansion coefficient beta r (flax) of single flax fibres estimated by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) observation is many orders of magnitude higher (beta(f,R) = 1.14 s/Delta m) than thermal expansion (alpha(f,R) = 78 10(-6) epsilon/degrees C). Thus, its contribution to the development of residual stresses sigma(rad) during processing should be prevalent. A multiscale analysis of interfacial stress state and hygroscopic contribution is performed with the use of a cylindrical concentric model at microscopic scale and asymmetric composite laminates [0, 90 degrees] curvature generation at macroscopic scale. Similar radial stresses are obtained, while relevant values of mu (IFSS/sigma(rad)) approximate to 0.46 are calculated. Therefore, the interfacial bond strength of natural fiber/polymer systems should be described by taking into account their hygroscopic behavior. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Antoine le Duigou; Justin Merotte; Alain Bourmaud; Peter Davies; Karim Belhouli; Christophe Baley. Hygroscopic expansion: A key point to describe natural fibre/polymer matrix interface bond strength. Composites Science and Technology 2017, 151, 228 -233.
AMA StyleAntoine le Duigou, Justin Merotte, Alain Bourmaud, Peter Davies, Karim Belhouli, Christophe Baley. Hygroscopic expansion: A key point to describe natural fibre/polymer matrix interface bond strength. Composites Science and Technology. 2017; 151 ():228-233.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntoine le Duigou; Justin Merotte; Alain Bourmaud; Peter Davies; Karim Belhouli; Christophe Baley. 2017. "Hygroscopic expansion: A key point to describe natural fibre/polymer matrix interface bond strength." Composites Science and Technology 151, no. : 228-233.