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Pre-treatments for plant fibres are very popular for increasing the fineness of bundles, promoting individualisation of fibres, modifying the fibre-matrix interface or reducing water uptake. Most pre-treatments are based on the use of chemicals and raise concerns about possible harmful effects on the environment. In this study, we used physical pre-treatments without the addition of chemical products. Flax tows were subjected to ultrasound and gamma irradiation to increase the number of elementary fibres. For gamma pre-treatments, a 20% increase in the number of elementary fibres was quantified. The biochemical composition of pre-treated flax tows exhibited a partial elimination of sugars related to pectin and hemicelluloses depending on the pre-treatment. The hygroscopic behaviour showed a comparable decreasing trend for water sorption-desorption hysteresis for both types of pre-treatment. Then, non-woven composites were produced from the pre-treated tows using poly-(lactid) (PLA) as a bio-based matrix. A moderate difference between the composite mechanical properties was generally demonstrated, with a significant increase in the stress at break observed for the case of ultrasound pre-treatment. Finally, an environmental analysis was carried out and discussed to quantitatively compare the different environmental impacts of the pre-treatments for composite applications; the environmental benefit of using gamma irradiation compared to ultrasound pre-treatment was demonstrated.
Maxime Gautreau; Antoine Kervoelen; Guillaume Barteau; François Delattre; Thibaut Colinart; Floran Pierre; Maxime Hauguel; Nicolas Le Moigne; Fabienne Guillon; Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand. Fibre Individualisation and Mechanical Properties of a Flax-PLA Non-Woven Composite Following Physical Pre-Treatments. Coatings 2021, 11, 846 .
AMA StyleMaxime Gautreau, Antoine Kervoelen, Guillaume Barteau, François Delattre, Thibaut Colinart, Floran Pierre, Maxime Hauguel, Nicolas Le Moigne, Fabienne Guillon, Alain Bourmaud, Johnny Beaugrand. Fibre Individualisation and Mechanical Properties of a Flax-PLA Non-Woven Composite Following Physical Pre-Treatments. Coatings. 2021; 11 (7):846.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaxime Gautreau; Antoine Kervoelen; Guillaume Barteau; François Delattre; Thibaut Colinart; Floran Pierre; Maxime Hauguel; Nicolas Le Moigne; Fabienne Guillon; Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand. 2021. "Fibre Individualisation and Mechanical Properties of a Flax-PLA Non-Woven Composite Following Physical Pre-Treatments." Coatings 11, no. 7: 846.
PLA-flax non-woven composites are promising materials, coupling high performance and possible degradation at their end of life. To explore their ageing mechanisms during garden composting, microstructural investigations were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observe that flax fibres preferentially degrade ‘inwards’ from the edge to the core of the composite. In addition, progressive erosion of the cell walls occurs within the fibres themselves, ‘outwards’ from the central lumen to the periphery primary wall. This preferential degradation is reflected in the decrease in indentation modulus from around 23 GPa for fibres located in the preserved core of the composite to 3–4 GPa for the remaining outer-most cell wall crowns located at the edge of the sample that is in contact with the compost. Ageing of the PLA matrix is less drastic with a relatively stable indentation modulus. Nevertheless, a change in the PLA morphology, a significant decrease in its roughness and increase of porosity, can be observed towards the edge of the sample, in comparison to the core. This work highlights the important role of intrinsic fibre porosity, called lumen, which is suspected to be a major variable of the compost ageing process, providing pathways of entry for moisture and microorganisms that are involved in cell wall degradation.
Alessia Melelli; Delphin Pantaloni; Eric Balnois; Olivier Arnould; Frédéric Jamme; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Alain Bourmaud. Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting. Polymers 2021, 13, 2225 .
AMA StyleAlessia Melelli, Delphin Pantaloni, Eric Balnois, Olivier Arnould, Frédéric Jamme, Christophe Baley, Johnny Beaugrand, Darshil Shah, Alain Bourmaud. Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting. Polymers. 2021; 13 (14):2225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Melelli; Delphin Pantaloni; Eric Balnois; Olivier Arnould; Frédéric Jamme; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Alain Bourmaud. 2021. "Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting." Polymers 13, no. 14: 2225.
Injection moulded composite materials reinforced with wood fibres or particles can offer a credible alternative to other plant-derived fibres, particularly from an economic and environmental point of view. In this study, we compared the recycling behaviour of poly-(propylene) composites reinforced with ground wood particles versus wood and flax fibre reinforced composites. An experimental and numerical approach was used. In spite of the mechanical and morphological performances of fibres which were initially poorer than those of long fibres, the wood particles demonstrated their reinforcement potential (+84 % and +14 %, for the Young’s modulus and the strength at max, respectively, compared to the pure matrix), due to their good adhesion with the matrix and also to the stability of their aspect ratio after recycling (-24 % after 5 injection cycles against -66 % and -61 % for long flax and wood fibres, respectively). The numerical model developed and fed by the mechanical and morphological measurements carried out on the reinforcements made it possible to compare the experimental and numerical values. Overall, a close match was obtained between the two sets of parameters. The small differences obtained can be explained by the increase in fibre dispersion as the recycling process progresses, as well as by the possible increase in wood stiffness after several processing cycles.
Guillaume Barteau; Wiyao Azoti; Maxime Gautreau; Charles Francart; Guillaume Alès; Hamdi Jmal; Jérôme Bouchet; Antoine Kervoëlen; Johnny Beaugrand; Nadia Bahlouli; Alain Bourmaud. Recycling of wood-reinforced poly-(propylene) composites: A numerical and experimental approach. Industrial Crops and Products 2021, 167, 113518 .
AMA StyleGuillaume Barteau, Wiyao Azoti, Maxime Gautreau, Charles Francart, Guillaume Alès, Hamdi Jmal, Jérôme Bouchet, Antoine Kervoëlen, Johnny Beaugrand, Nadia Bahlouli, Alain Bourmaud. Recycling of wood-reinforced poly-(propylene) composites: A numerical and experimental approach. Industrial Crops and Products. 2021; 167 ():113518.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuillaume Barteau; Wiyao Azoti; Maxime Gautreau; Charles Francart; Guillaume Alès; Hamdi Jmal; Jérôme Bouchet; Antoine Kervoëlen; Johnny Beaugrand; Nadia Bahlouli; Alain Bourmaud. 2021. "Recycling of wood-reinforced poly-(propylene) composites: A numerical and experimental approach." Industrial Crops and Products 167, no. : 113518.
Plant fibres and especially flax can be distinguished from most synthetic fibres by their intricate shape and intrinsic porosity called lumen, which is usually assumed to be tubular. However, the real shape appears more complex and thus might induce stress concentrations influencing the fibre performance. This study proposes a novel representation of flax fibre lumen and its variations along the fibre, an interpretation of its origin and effect on flax fibre tensile properties. This investigation was conducted at the crossroads of complementary characterization techniques: optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution X-ray microtomography (µCT) and mechanical tests at the cell-wall and fibre scale by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in Peak-Force Quantitative Nano-Mechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) mode and micromechanical tensile testing. Converging results highlight the difficulty of drawing a single geometric reference for the lumen. AFM and optical microscopy depict central cavities of different sizes and shapes. Porosity contents, varying from 0.4 to 7.2%, are estimated by high-resolution µCT. Furthermore, variations of lumen size are reported along the fibres. This intricate lumen shape might originate from the cell wall thickening and cell death but particular attention should also be paid to the effects of post mortem processes such as drying, retting and mechanical extraction of the fibre as well as sample preparation. Finally, SEM observation following tensile testing demonstrates the combined effect of geometrical inhomogeneities such as defects and intricate lumen porosity to drive the failure of the fibre.
Emmanuelle Richely; Sylvie Durand; Alessia Melelli; Alexander Kao; Anthony Magueresse; Hom Dhakal; Tatyana Gorshkova; Franck Callebert; Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand; Sofiane Guessasma. Novel Insight into the Intricate Shape of Flax Fibre Lumen. Fibers 2021, 9, 24 .
AMA StyleEmmanuelle Richely, Sylvie Durand, Alessia Melelli, Alexander Kao, Anthony Magueresse, Hom Dhakal, Tatyana Gorshkova, Franck Callebert, Alain Bourmaud, Johnny Beaugrand, Sofiane Guessasma. Novel Insight into the Intricate Shape of Flax Fibre Lumen. Fibers. 2021; 9 (4):24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmanuelle Richely; Sylvie Durand; Alessia Melelli; Alexander Kao; Anthony Magueresse; Hom Dhakal; Tatyana Gorshkova; Franck Callebert; Alain Bourmaud; Johnny Beaugrand; Sofiane Guessasma. 2021. "Novel Insight into the Intricate Shape of Flax Fibre Lumen." Fibers 9, no. 4: 24.
Fibres from annual plants are a sustainable alternative to glass fibres in composite manufacturing. However, both synthetic fibres, such as carbon fibres, and cellulosic fibres exhibit heterogeneities along their lengths, which appear as localised morphological misorientations known as kink-bands. In plant fibres, kink-bands occur due to growing conditions under abiotic stress during the retting stage and the fibre extraction process. Many studies have been conducted to identify the origin of such kink-bands and their impact on the mechanical behaviour of composites, but their characteristics and fine ultrastructure remain unclear. The presence of cavities in transition zones was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confirmed by low-intensity second harmonic generation microscopy (SHG) signals, especially when large kink-bands were considered. Moreover, the transverse indentation modulus was obtained by AFM in peak force mode; no substantial differences were observed between the kink-band and defect-free regions, with average values ranging from 6.2–7.3 GPa. Additionally, important MFA changes were measured through SHG imaging, especially in large kink-bands with local misorientation up to 47°. Thus, this in-depth investigation of kink-band areas reveals ultrastructure heterogeneities and the presence of local defects.
Alessia Melelli; Sylvie Durand; Olivier Arnould; Emmanuelle Richely; Sofiane Guessasma; Frédéric Jamme; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. Extensive investigation of the ultrastructure of kink-bands in flax fibres. Industrial Crops and Products 2021, 164, 113368 .
AMA StyleAlessia Melelli, Sylvie Durand, Olivier Arnould, Emmanuelle Richely, Sofiane Guessasma, Frédéric Jamme, Johnny Beaugrand, Alain Bourmaud. Extensive investigation of the ultrastructure of kink-bands in flax fibres. Industrial Crops and Products. 2021; 164 ():113368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Melelli; Sylvie Durand; Olivier Arnould; Emmanuelle Richely; Sofiane Guessasma; Frédéric Jamme; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. 2021. "Extensive investigation of the ultrastructure of kink-bands in flax fibres." Industrial Crops and Products 164, no. : 113368.
The last 80 years have seen significant changes in industrial technologies, with the development of composite materials being particularly striking. These were hardly present before the Second World War but were made possible by the availability of new polymers, fibre reinforcements and innovative manufacturing techniques. In parallel, the traditional flax farming practices for the textile industry have benefited from major improvements in seed selection, retting and fibre extraction methods. This aims of this paper are twofold; first to describe the early work to develop flax fibre reinforced composites and compare their mechanical properties with those of contemporary flax fibres. And second, to understand the impact of significant efforts made recently to improve flax fibre production. The simple substitution of synthetic fibres is no longer sufficient to justify their use; their environmental benefits must be demonstrated, through life cycle analyses to support sustainable societal choices, and these are also discussed.
Christophe Baley; Alain Bourmaud; Peter Davies. Eighty years of composites reinforced by flax fibres: A historical review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2021, 144, 106333 .
AMA StyleChristophe Baley, Alain Bourmaud, Peter Davies. Eighty years of composites reinforced by flax fibres: A historical review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2021; 144 ():106333.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley; Alain Bourmaud; Peter Davies. 2021. "Eighty years of composites reinforced by flax fibres: A historical review." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 144, no. : 106333.
Liquid composite moulding (LCM) of plant fibre composites has gained much attention for the development of structural biobased composites. To produce quality composites, better understanding of the resin impregnation process and flow behaviour in plant fibre reinforcements is vital. By reviewing the literature, we aim to identify key plant fibre reinforcement-specific factors that influence, if not govern, the mould filling stage during LCM of plant fibre composites. In particular, the differences in structure (physical and biochemical) for plant and synthetic fibres, their semi-products (i.e., yarns and rovings), and their mats and textiles are shown to have a perceptible effect on their compaction, in-plane permeability, and processing via LCM. In addition to examining the effects of dual-scale flow, resin absorption, (subsequent) fibre swelling, capillarity, and time-dependent saturated and unsaturated permeability that are specific to plant fibre reinforcements, we also review the various models utilised to predict and simulate resin impregnation during LCM of plant fibre composites.
Delphin Pantaloni; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley; Mike J. Clifford; Michael H. Ramage; Darshil U. Shah. A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites. Materials 2020, 13, 4811 .
AMA StyleDelphin Pantaloni, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley, Mike J. Clifford, Michael H. Ramage, Darshil U. Shah. A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites. Materials. 2020; 13 (21):4811.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelphin Pantaloni; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley; Mike J. Clifford; Michael H. Ramage; Darshil U. Shah. 2020. "A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites." Materials 13, no. 21: 4811.
Over the last decades, bio-based composite materials have been developed as an ecological alternative to synthetic fibre-reinforced composites, and flax fibres are one of the most commonly used fibres for this purpose. The secondary cell wall (S2) and the microfibril angle (MFA) of plant fibres are the main factors responsible for the mechanical behaviour of the fibres and, consequently, for the properties of the final biocomposite material. However, the MFA values reported in the literature are obtained through heavy, time-consuming methods and often without resolution at the scale of the elementary fibres. In the present paper, for the first time, the MFAs of elementary flax fibres are measured with the alternative method of second-harmonic generation imaging under controlled polarised light (P-SHG); cotton trichomes are also investigated as a homogeneous and well-known cellulose fibre with expected contrasted MFAs compared to flax. To estimate the MFA, we analysed the images collected that clearly show the microfibrils. The values found are in line with the literature data obtained with conventional techniques. However, new important details of the microfibrils orientation of elementary flax fibres and cotton trichomes are highlighted, such as inhomogeneities in a single flax fibre, leading to MFAs varying between 0 and 10° along the fibre with an average value around 5°. The results obtained give an important contribution to the knowledge of the plant fibre ultrastructure, giving some structural details never provided with measurements of fibre bundles.
Alessia Melelli; Frederic Jamme; David Legland; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. Microfibril angle of elementary flax fibres investigated with polarised second harmonic generation microscopy. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 156, 112847 .
AMA StyleAlessia Melelli, Frederic Jamme, David Legland, Johnny Beaugrand, Alain Bourmaud. Microfibril angle of elementary flax fibres investigated with polarised second harmonic generation microscopy. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 156 ():112847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Melelli; Frederic Jamme; David Legland; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. 2020. "Microfibril angle of elementary flax fibres investigated with polarised second harmonic generation microscopy." Industrial Crops and Products 156, no. : 112847.
Over the past decades, the use of plant fibre reinforced composites has increased significantly due to their many attractive attributes such as high specific strength and modulus, wide availability, low cost and high environmental credibility compared to their synthetic counterparts. These attributes are especially attractive for lightweight applications in automotive, marine, aerospace and sporting goods sectors. This growth is expected to continue in the future. To improve the design and performance of bio-based composites, an improved understanding of processing-structure-property relations in such bio-based composites is required, the fibres being the key component of the composite to obtain performing properties. This is due to the sensitivity of the constituent plant fibres to mechanical stress (pressure), temperature, water and other parameters. The purpose of this review is to critically synthesise literature on the impact of composites processing steps on plant fibre cell wall structure and properties. The impact of plant fibre composites processing steps from the polymer impregnation stage right through to the end-of-life recycling stage is reviewed. Additionally, mechanical, morphological and hygroscopic properties of plant fibres are considered in conjunction with process times, temperature and shear rate. This review will aid process and product designers to develop new performing plant fibre composite products, taking into account the process parameters to select the most optimised process and (their effects on) plant fibres. Considering how fibre properties change with biocomposites processing steps is indeed essential to understanding the links between the micro and macro scales, and to be able to design optimised plant fibre composite materials.
Alain Bourmaud; Darshil U. Shah; Johnny Beaugrand; Hom N. Dhakal. Property changes in plant fibres during the processing of bio-based composites. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 154, 112705 .
AMA StyleAlain Bourmaud, Darshil U. Shah, Johnny Beaugrand, Hom N. Dhakal. Property changes in plant fibres during the processing of bio-based composites. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 154 ():112705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlain Bourmaud; Darshil U. Shah; Johnny Beaugrand; Hom N. Dhakal. 2020. "Property changes in plant fibres during the processing of bio-based composites." Industrial Crops and Products 154, no. : 112705.
Fibre orientation is an essential factor governing the mechanical properties of composite materials. This study proposes an original method based on gray-level granulometry to analyse the fibre orientation distribution (FOD) of synthetic and natural fibre reinforcements aiming composite applications. An orientation maps is computed from SEM images and frequency of fibre orientation is graphically illustrated for each angular direction. First, glass fibre nonwoven and unidirectional preforms were analysed as a model to validate the method before testing their flax fibre counterparts. Differences in structural organisations were found between flax and glass fibre reinforcement FOD due to the specific structure and mechanical behaviour of plant fibres but also to the preform manufacturing process. Promising results were obtained confirming the reliability of this novel numerical method for fibre orientation determination.
Victor Gager; David Legland; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Floran Pierre; Karim Behlouli; Christophe Baley. Oriented granulometry to quantify fibre orientation distributions in synthetic and plant fibre composite preforms. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 152, 112548 .
AMA StyleVictor Gager, David Legland, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Floran Pierre, Karim Behlouli, Christophe Baley. Oriented granulometry to quantify fibre orientation distributions in synthetic and plant fibre composite preforms. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 152 ():112548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Gager; David Legland; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Floran Pierre; Karim Behlouli; Christophe Baley. 2020. "Oriented granulometry to quantify fibre orientation distributions in synthetic and plant fibre composite preforms." Industrial Crops and Products 152, no. : 112548.
Non-woven composites reinforced with plant fibers are widely used in the automotive and construction sectors. The vast majority is composed of petroleum-based, non-compostable polyolefins, which are no longer a viable solution in an environmental context where the end-of-life management of industrial products is becoming a major societal issue. Here, fully green composites are produced by reinforcing three bio-based and biodegradable matrices – poly-(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA), poly-(butylene-succinate) (PBS) and poly-(lactide) (PLA) – with non-woven flax fiber preforms. Notably, their mechanical performance was observed to be at least equivalent to the industry reference – poly-(propylene) (PP) reinforced non-woven flax. These composites were then buried in an instrumented garden compost, and the evolution in microstructure and mechanical properties was studied over a period of six months. Microtomography studies revealed that evolution in composite microstructure principally depended on the polymer matrix: surface degradation was predominant for PBS and PHA biocomposites, whereas rapid fiber-matrix interface degradation in the core was observed for PLA biocomposites. Interestingly, even after six months in the compost, all composites exhibit tensile strengths of at least 50% of their initial value. Moreover, the strength reduction in biodegradable composites was of the same magnitude as the industry reference, flax/PP composite. These results demonstrate the potential of biocomposites in resolving the ‘biodegradation paradox’: flax composites with biopolymers like PLA, PHA and PBS can be designed to have adequate mechanical performance for industrial products, even after ageing in harsh conditions, and yet offer an alternative end-of-life route to the typical incineration (with or without energy recovery).
Delphin Pantaloni; Darshil Shah; Christophe Baley; Alain Bourmaud. Monitoring of mechanical performances of flax non-woven biocomposites during a home compost degradation. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2020, 177, 109166 .
AMA StyleDelphin Pantaloni, Darshil Shah, Christophe Baley, Alain Bourmaud. Monitoring of mechanical performances of flax non-woven biocomposites during a home compost degradation. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2020; 177 ():109166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelphin Pantaloni; Darshil Shah; Christophe Baley; Alain Bourmaud. 2020. "Monitoring of mechanical performances of flax non-woven biocomposites during a home compost degradation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 177, no. : 109166.
Flax shives (FS) represent approximately 50 % in weight of dry flax stems, making it the main by-product of the flax scutching industry. Being an available and low-added value lignocellulosic resource, flax shives are an interesting candidate for thermoplastic composite reinforcement. In this study, raw flax shives were fragmented by knife milling using two grids of 500 and 250 μm respectively, while a third batch, with a targeted particle size below 50 μm, was obtained by an attrition beads mill. The fragmentation methods used do not modify the biochemical composition of FS but do reduce their crystallinity due to both crystalline cellulose allomorph conversion and amorphization. The poly-(propylene) and 4%-wt maleic anhydride modified poly-(propylene) injection moulded composites produced with these reinforcing materials have a maximum tensile strength that evolves linearly with particle aspect ratio after processing. The tensile Young’s modulus of the composites reinforced by coarser particles is 3268 ± 240 MPa, which is almost 90 % that obtained for a reference 1mm flax fibre reinforced composite. Furthermore, a basic micromechanical model was applied highlighting the reinforcing capacity of cell wall-like small tubular structures (e.g. flax shives). This study underlines the reinforcing potential of low-value by-product flax shives for value-added composite applications.
Lucile Nuez; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Claire Mayer-Laigle; Alain Bourmaud; Pierre D’Arras; Christophe Baley. The potential of flax shives as reinforcements for injection moulded polypropylene composites. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 148, 112324 .
AMA StyleLucile Nuez, Johnny Beaugrand, Darshil Shah, Claire Mayer-Laigle, Alain Bourmaud, Pierre D’Arras, Christophe Baley. The potential of flax shives as reinforcements for injection moulded polypropylene composites. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 148 ():112324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucile Nuez; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Claire Mayer-Laigle; Alain Bourmaud; Pierre D’Arras; Christophe Baley. 2020. "The potential of flax shives as reinforcements for injection moulded polypropylene composites." Industrial Crops and Products 148, no. : 112324.
Today, plant fibers are considered as an important new renewable resource that can compete with some synthetic fibers, such as glass, in fiber-reinforced composites. In previous works, it was noted that the pectin-enriched middle lamella (ML) is a weak point in the fiber bundles for plant fiber-reinforced composites. ML is strongly bonded to the primary walls of the cells to form a complex layer called the compound middle lamella (CML). In a composite, cracks preferentially propagate along and through this layer when a mechanical loading is applied. In this work, middle lamellae of several plant fibers of different origin (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, nettle, and date palm leaf sheath), among the most used for composite reinforcement, are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The peak-force quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) mode is used in order to estimate the indentation modulus of this layer. AFM PF-QNM confirmed its potential and suitability to mechanically characterize and compare the stiffness of small areas at the micro and nanoscale level, such as plant cell walls and middle lamellae. Our results suggest that the mean indentation modulus of ML is in the range from 6 GPa (date palm leaf sheath) to 16 GPa (hemp), depending on the plant considered. Moreover, local cell-wall layer architectures were finely evidenced and described.
Alessia Melelli; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules 2020, 25, 632 .
AMA StyleAlessia Melelli, Olivier Arnould, Johnny Beaugrand, Alain Bourmaud. The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules. 2020; 25 (3):632.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessia Melelli; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. 2020. "The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy." Molecules 25, no. 3: 632.
Flax fibres are a promising reinforcement in the development of biocomposites and are finding new applications in transport structures. However, there is a perceived problem with plant fibres related to the variability of the properties of these natural materials. This paper describes the factors which affect variability, from plant growth conditions to fibre sampling and testing. A large number of test results are presented (characterization of elementary fibres, bundles, assemblies of bundles, and unidirectional composites), and it is shown that provided fibre supply is carefully controlled, characterization procedures are appropriate, and manufacturing processes are optimal then excellent composite properties can be achieved with low variability.
Christophe Baley; Moussa Gomina; Joël Bréard; Alain Bourmaud; Peter Davies. Variability of mechanical properties of flax fibres for composite reinforcement. A review. Industrial Crops and Products 2019, 145, 111984 .
AMA StyleChristophe Baley, Moussa Gomina, Joël Bréard, Alain Bourmaud, Peter Davies. Variability of mechanical properties of flax fibres for composite reinforcement. A review. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019; 145 ():111984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristophe Baley; Moussa Gomina; Joël Bréard; Alain Bourmaud; Peter Davies. 2019. "Variability of mechanical properties of flax fibres for composite reinforcement. A review." Industrial Crops and Products 145, no. : 111984.
The automotive and aeronautic industries have become strategic sectors for North African countries. However, the future growth of these sectors will likely depend on the availability of raw materials such as plant fibres to reinforce polymers. In the framework of this paper, we reviewed the research that focused on alfa fibres, which are deemed to be one of the most available fibres in the Mediterranean area. This plant also plays an essential role in protecting the Mediterranean countries from desertification and desert encroachment. Throughout this review, we discussed and expounded the morphological, chemical compositions and the mechanical properties of the alfa fibres and we compared them to other plants fibres. Moreover, we surveyed several academic research works that used different alfa fibres as reinforcement of thermoset and thermoplastic matrices. In particular, we outlined that alfa fibre can constitute a potential reinforcement of polymer matrices in the North Africa countries.
Fatima Ezzahra El-Abbassi; Mustapha Assarar; Rezak Ayad; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. A review on alfa fibre (Stipa tenacissima L.): From the plant architecture to the reinforcement of polymer composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2019, 128, 105677 .
AMA StyleFatima Ezzahra El-Abbassi, Mustapha Assarar, Rezak Ayad, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley. A review on alfa fibre (Stipa tenacissima L.): From the plant architecture to the reinforcement of polymer composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2019; 128 ():105677.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima Ezzahra El-Abbassi; Mustapha Assarar; Rezak Ayad; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. 2019. "A review on alfa fibre (Stipa tenacissima L.): From the plant architecture to the reinforcement of polymer composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 128, no. : 105677.
Victor Gager; Antoine Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Floran Pierre; Karim Behlouli; Christophe Baley. Influence of the Nonwoven Biocomposite’s Microstructure on Its Hygromechanical Behaviour. Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 2019, 29, 215 -224.
AMA StyleVictor Gager, Antoine Duigou, Alain Bourmaud, Floran Pierre, Karim Behlouli, Christophe Baley. Influence of the Nonwoven Biocomposite’s Microstructure on Its Hygromechanical Behaviour. Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés. 2019; 29 (4):215-224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Gager; Antoine Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Floran Pierre; Karim Behlouli; Christophe Baley. 2019. "Influence of the Nonwoven Biocomposite’s Microstructure on Its Hygromechanical Behaviour." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 29, no. 4: 215-224.
Samuel Réquilé; Antoine Le Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. Hygroscopic and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibre Reinforced Biocomposites. Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 2019, 29, 253 -260.
AMA StyleSamuel Réquilé, Antoine Le Duigou, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley. Hygroscopic and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibre Reinforced Biocomposites. Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés. 2019; 29 (4):253-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Réquilé; Antoine Le Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. 2019. "Hygroscopic and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibre Reinforced Biocomposites." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 29, no. 4: 253-260.
Samuel Réquilé; Antoine Le Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. Quality of the Multi-scale Interphase of Hemp Stems: Retting Effect. Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 2019, 29, 283 -291.
AMA StyleSamuel Réquilé, Antoine Le Duigou, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley. Quality of the Multi-scale Interphase of Hemp Stems: Retting Effect. Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés. 2019; 29 (5):283-291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Réquilé; Antoine Le Duigou; Alain Bourmaud; Christophe Baley. 2019. "Quality of the Multi-scale Interphase of Hemp Stems: Retting Effect." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 29, no. 5: 283-291.
In recent years, lignocellulosic biomass has been increasingly used in various applications. While for many of them the plant materials require coarse milling, some new applications for green chemistry, bio-energy and bio-packaging necessitate comminution to obtain very finely calibrated particles (below 200 μm in size). This milling step is not inconsequential for lignocellulosic materials and can influence the physical and chemical characteristics of the powder. However, these different effects are still poorly understood. In this work, we study the impact of ultra-fine milling on the physico-chemical properties of plant fibres. Flax was chosen for this study because of its well-described structure and biochemical composition, making it a model material. Our main results evidence a strong impact of ball milling on flax fibre aspect ratio but also on cell wall ultrastructure and composition. Cellulose content and crystallinity significantly decrease with milling time, leading to higher water sorption and lower thermal stability.
Claire Mayer-Laigle; Alain Bourmaud; Darshil Shah; Nadège Follain; Johnny Beaugrand. Unravelling the consequences of ultra-fine milling on physical and chemical characteristics of flax fibres. Powder Technology 2019, 360, 129 -140.
AMA StyleClaire Mayer-Laigle, Alain Bourmaud, Darshil Shah, Nadège Follain, Johnny Beaugrand. Unravelling the consequences of ultra-fine milling on physical and chemical characteristics of flax fibres. Powder Technology. 2019; 360 ():129-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaire Mayer-Laigle; Alain Bourmaud; Darshil Shah; Nadège Follain; Johnny Beaugrand. 2019. "Unravelling the consequences of ultra-fine milling on physical and chemical characteristics of flax fibres." Powder Technology 360, no. : 129-140.
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of diglycidyl ethers of isosorbide (DGEI) with different epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) with isophorone diamine (IPD) hardener have been performed. Interestingly, it was found that one specific epoxy formulation exhibits high reactivity with amine hardener inducing high glass transition and indentation stiffness. Associated with flax fibres, this new bio-based resin has made it possible to develop performing and promising unidirectional biocomposites with characteristics comparable to commercial petroleum-based epoxy resins.
Corentin Musa; Antoine Kervoëlen; Pierre-Edouard Danjou; Alain Bourmaud; François Delattre. Bio-based unidirectional composite made of flax fibre and isosorbide-based epoxy resin. Materials Letters 2019, 258, 126818 .
AMA StyleCorentin Musa, Antoine Kervoëlen, Pierre-Edouard Danjou, Alain Bourmaud, François Delattre. Bio-based unidirectional composite made of flax fibre and isosorbide-based epoxy resin. Materials Letters. 2019; 258 ():126818.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorentin Musa; Antoine Kervoëlen; Pierre-Edouard Danjou; Alain Bourmaud; François Delattre. 2019. "Bio-based unidirectional composite made of flax fibre and isosorbide-based epoxy resin." Materials Letters 258, no. : 126818.