Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising green technology for mitigating environmental impacts. However, their widespread adoption has significant implications for management, monitoring, and control of power systems. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), commonly referred to as green energy sources or alternative energy sources, into the network infrastructure is a sustainable and effective approach to addressing these matters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the integration of RESs and EVs into power systems. The bibliographic analysis revealed that IEEE Access had the highest impact among journals. In order to enhance the classification of the reviewed literature, we have provided an analytical summary of the contributions made by each paper. The categorization facilitated the recognition of the primary objectives explored in the reviewed works, including the classification of EVs and RESs, the incorporation of RESs and EVs into power systems with an emphasis on emissions, the establishment of EV charging stations and parking facilities, EV batteries and battery energy storage systems, strategies for managing the integration of RESs with EVs, EV aggregators, and the financial implications. In order to provide researchers with a valuable synopsis of the implementation particulars, the papers were bifurcated into two primary classifications, namely mathematical algorithms and heuristic algorithms. The mixed integer linear programming algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm were commonly utilized formulations in optimization. MATLAB/Simulink was the primary platform used for executing a considerable portion of these algorithms, with CPLEX being the dominant optimization tool. Finally, this study offers avenues for further discourse and investigation regarding areas of research that remain unexplored.

Full electrification and intelligent energy networks compose a very promising solution for the improvement of the efficiency of large ports. Ports comprise a large number of flexible electric loads like refrigerated containers, electric vehicles, electric shore power supplies to ships at berth etc. Smart grids can provide efficient solutions to maximize the flexibility of port power demand and increase at the same time the efficiency of the port power system. In this paper, it is shown that the model of a large port comprises a very large number of decision variables and constraints. Therefore, port operation optimization becomes extremely difficult with conventional methods. The main goal of this paper is to propose an innovative power management method based on multi-agent systems that achieves the above targets. To the best of the authors’ knowledge this problem has not been tackled so far. The proposed method is applied to a realistic case study of a large port comprising thousands of flexible loads and evaluated by detailed simulations.

Research in All Electric Ship (AES) and onboard DC grids has already been initiated and it is going to be intensified because of its promising perspectives. This study aims to present in a coherent and methodical way why onboard DC distribution systems, smart grids and AES concept can greatly improve ship efficiency. Emerging technical challenges and future prospects are presented; state of the art is summarised while directions for a complete research roadmap are proposed.

Full electrification of large ports and intelligent energy networks compose a very promising solution, not only for limiting the in-port greenhouse gas emissions but also for the improvement of their efficiency and electric power system operation support. Large ports comprise a variety of flexible loads like refrigerated containers, electric vehicles, onshore electric power supply to ships at berth, and so on, while they usually have great potential for local energy generation from renewable energy resources, like offshore wind, tides, waves, and so on. Smart grids can be proved very efficient in increasing port power demand flexibility and controllability. The main goal of this paper is to propose an innovative decentralized demand response method that eventually turns a port comprising flexible loads and power generation from renewable energy sources to a prosumer Microgrid. The proposed method is applied to a realistic case study of a large port comprising a large number of flexible loads and one offshore wind park. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated by detailed simulations.

Ports and its surrounding areas are major energy consumers and polluters. Optimal operation scheduling of port power demand may provide effective solutions for port efficiency improvement and the limitation of the emissions from ships at berth. Port power demand can be effectively regulated as a variety of flexible loads like shore-to-ship electric power supplies, refrigerated containers, plugged-in electric vehicles, etc., exist in large ports. The main goal of this paper is to propose an innovative multiobjective operation scheduling method for large ports that will limit in-port emissions, minimize operation cost, and support the electric network of the port area. A major operation constraint of a port demand management system is the large number of the controlled and supervised port loads. Smart grids exploiting multiagent systems have been proved very effective in such complex systems. The proposed method is applied to a realistic case study of a large port power system and evaluated by detailed simulations.

The extensive electrification of ship power systems has become a very appealing option for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly ships. Renewable energy sources and energy storage systems will have a key role in such systems as they can lead to fuel consumption reduction and increase of ship efficiency. In this study, analytic formulas are obtained for the estimation of system marginal cost of a ship power system equipped with photovoltaics and energy storage system and its operation is analysed from the economical point of view. The major advantage of the proposed method is that the obtained formulas require almost zero computational capacity although they provide a qualitative view of the problem not easily attainable by other conventional methods. Hence, it could be a convenient tool for the technical–economical study of such systems. In this context, it could be exploited for the assessment of a large number of ship power system operation scenarios during ship design phase.