The Spanish gypsy community is widely integrated among the rest of the Spanish population due to a coexistence that dates back centuries. Despite this integration, they are at risk of marginalization, the child population clearly being a vulnerable group. In terms of social and health inequalities, ethnic minorities in general, and the gipsy minority in particular, in many cases do not achieve equity with the rest of the population. Regarding health in general and, more specifically, oral health, this fact can be perceived, although it has not been evidenced by any epidemiological study of oral health in the Andalusia region. Objective: Identify the oral health status through an epidemiological survey of the population of gipsy children in the city of Seville. Methods: The WHO (World Health Organization) criteria for oral health surveys were used in the study with children aged 6 to 13 years carried out in two Seville schools located in neighborhoods with a high percentage of gypsy population (Polígono Norte and Sur of the city of Seville). Results: The final sample consisted of 108 children in whom the DMF (decay-missing-filled index) for primary dentition was 5.0 + −3.1 for the 6–9 year-old age group and the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) for the 10–13 year-old group was 4.5 + −3.3. The frequency of brushing was low, with a significant percentage of children not brushing their teeth (42.3%). The striking feature is that 26.9% of children had never visited the dentist despite their basic dental care being covered by the regional government. Conclusions: The children studied present high levels of caries compared to the rest of the Spanish population, as well as very low levels of oral hygiene. Given the lack of success of existing oral health programmes among this population, a different intervention is needed, taking into account the idiosyncrasies of the gipsy community.

Numerous developing countries’ socioeconomic and political issues resulted in a significant migratory phenomenon, which poses a health burden for the nations that receive migrant populations. Often, the greatest age group of migrants is children and teens. Oral problems are one of the most common reasons that immigrants in the receiving nations visit the healthcare system. Cross-sectional research was conducted on children and teenagers housed at the Temporary Stay Center for Immigrants (CETI) of the Autonomous City of Melilla (Spain) with the aim of identifying the state of the oral cavity of these group of migrants. Information on the condition of the research group’s oral cavity was gathered using the World Health Organization’s standards. The research comprised all of the children and teenagers who were enrolled in the CETI for a defined period of time. A total of 198 children were assessed. It was determined that 86.9% of the youngsters were of Syrian descent. There were 57.6% males and a 7.7 (±4.1) average age. The average caries index for children under the age of six was dft =6.4 (±6.3), and for children aged six to eleven, it was 7.5 (±4.8), taking into account both the temporary and permanent dentition, and for children aged twelve to seventeen, it was 4.7 (±4.0). A total of 50.6% of children between the ages of 6 and 11 needed extractions, compared to 36.8% of children under the age of 6. The population under study had a significant incidence of sextants where bleeding occurred during periodontal probing (mean 3.9 (±2.5)), according to an examination of the community periodontal index (CPI). It is crucial to study the oral cavity status of refugee children when designing intervention programs to improve their oral health and provide health education activities that favour the prevention of oral diseases.

The goal of cancer treatment is to fight and/or control cancer. The aim of this study was to review and meta-analyse the incidence of main oral complications in paediatric oncology during chemotherapy. The search results were obtained from B-on, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and PubMed databases. Of 1032 articles potentially relevant, 13 were included in this review. The overall incidence of caries, gingivitis, ulcers, mucositis, and candidiasis was 67.8%, 55.6%, 44.2%, 41.6%, and, 29.5%, respectively. During chemotherapy, paediatric patients with cancer present higher incidence of caries and gingivitis. Incidence rate meta-analysis show high heterogeneity. More studies should be done to reduce uncertainty.

Breathing and swallowing are functions of the stomatognathic system, since they are vital and innate to the human being, moreover, interrelated [ 1 Lemos C , Junqueira P , Gomez M , et al. Study of the relationship between the dentition and the swallowing of mouth breathers. Int otorrinolaringol. 2006;10(2):114–118. [Google Scholar] , 2 Andrade F , Araújo A , Ribeiro C , et al. Alterações estruturais de órgãos fonoarticulares e más oclusões dentárias em respiradores orais de 6 a 10 anos. Respiração oral e sistema estomatognático. Rev CEFAC. 2005;7(3):318–325. [Google Scholar] ]. Most of the breathing is nasal, however mouth-breathing can occur, being a pathological adaptation that can lead to a series of changes, often irreversible, in the growth and development of a child, for instance causing changes in swallowing [ 3 Matsuo K , Palmer JB. Coordination of mastication, swallowing and breathing. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2009;45(1):31–40. 1 [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] ]. This mechanism differs between children and adults and, if identified in a child, up to five years, it is considered as infantile deglutition pattern being replaced by mature deglutition pattern after this period [ 4 Ambrosio AR , Trevilatto PC , Sakima T , et al. Correlation between morphology and function of the upper lip: a longitudinal evaluation. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(3):306–313. Jun [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] ]. If it continues beyond the period in which it is considered normal, it is renamed as atypical [ 5 Di Vecchio S , Manzini P , Candida E , et al. Froggy mouth: a new myofunctional approach to atypical swallowing. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(1):33–37. Mar [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] ]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the possible relation between mouth-breathing and atypical swallowing in children. The study took place between January 2018 to February 2019, involving patients referred to the Care Consultation of Orthodontics Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (EMDC). The sample consisted of 86 patients, that n = 46 (53.4%) were females and n = 40 (46.6%) were males, with a mean age of 12.3 years. The study was approved by an Ethics Committee of Egas Moniz. Inclusion criteria were: children of both sexes aged 5–18 years, having clinical record at EMDC and with the correspondent informed consent signed by the parents. Exclusion criteria were: children who had past orthodontic treatment and having craniofacial anomalies or syndromes. The method used to assess breathing and swallowing patterns was adapted by Marchesan [ 2 Andrade F , Araújo A , Ribeiro C , et al. Alterações estruturais de órgãos fonoarticulares e más oclusões dentárias em respiradores orais de 6 a 10 anos. Respiração oral e sistema estomatognático. Rev CEFAC. 2005;7(3):318–325. [Google Scholar] ]. Data were analysed by using descriptive and inferential methodologies (chi-square test). A significance level of 5% was established in the latter case. A higher prevalence of mouth-breathers was found in women n = 49 (56.5%) than in men n = 37 (43.5%). Atypical swallowing, was also more prevalent in women n = 48 (56.1%) than in men n = 38 (43.9%), however, in both cases, the differences were not found to be statistically significant (p = .594, p = .570). n = 52 (83.9%) of the mouth-breathers were identified as having atypical swallowing, conversely to n = 14 (58.3%) of the normal (nasal) breathers. Overall, there was a statistically significant association between mouth-breathing and patients with atypical swallowing (p = .012). The results show that mouth-breathing and atypical swallowing were found to be significantly associated n = 52 (83.9%) in this study, being closed to Lemos et al. who found higher results (97.2%) [ 1 Lemos C , Junqueira P , Gomez M , et al. Study of the relationship between the dentition and the swallowing of mouth breathers. Int otorrinolaringol. 2006;10(2):114–118. [Google Scholar] ]. Other studies reported that is not statistically significant the association between mouth-breathing and atypical swallowing [ 6 Maspero C , Prevedello C , Giannini L , et al. Atypical swallowing: a review. Minerva Stomatol. 2014;63(6):217–227. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] ]. The results of this study are clinically relevant and encouraging the search for early diagnosis and intervention.

Introduction: The maxillary labial frenulum is an anatomical structure formed by thin folds of mucous membrane and connective tissue. In its constitution, we can find muscle fibers that limit the movement of the upper lip. [ 1 Wheeler B , Carrico CK , Shroff B , et al. Management of the Maxillary Diastema by Various Dental Specialties. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(4):709–715. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] ] Throughout the mixed dentition, the lip and the lingual frenulum may assume an inadequate shape and position, causing aesthetic and functional limitations. In the deciduous and mixed dentition, the presence of an inter-incisive diastema is common, but this tends to close with the eruption of the permanent teeth, lateral incisors and superior canines. [ 2 Kumar G , Rehman F , Chaturvedy V. Soft Tissue Applications of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser in Pediatric Dentistry. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017;10(2):188–192. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] ]. In the current literature, it is still not clear which is the best age to perform the upper frenum surgery. This procedure can be performed with scalpel (conventional technique), electric scalpel or laser. It has been described that the use of intraoral laser in these surgical procedures improves the prognosis [ 3 Medeiros Júnior R , Gueiros LA , Silva IH , et al. Labial frenectomy with Nd:YAG laser and conventional surgery: a comparative study. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(2):851–856. doi:10.1007/s10103-013-1461-8 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] , 4 Guideline on Pediatric Oral Surgery. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Reference Manual. Vol 36, No 6. Adopted 2005. Revised 2010, 2014. [Google Scholar] ]. Therefore, this study aims to present a clinical case of ulectomy and frenectomy of the upper lip with laser, in a child with mixed dentition and absence of eruption of the upper central incisors. Materials and methods: A 9-year-old female was referred to paediatric dentistry clinic, the chief complaint “the non-eruption of the upper incisors” SIC mother. After obtaining informed consent, a clinical analysis was performed, confirming the absence of premanent central incisors and the presence of a fibrous upper frenum. Results: With the ulectomy and removal of the upper frenulum with a one-year follow-up, it was possible to observe the spontaneous eruption of teeth 11 and 21. Discussion and conclusions: In the presence of a broad fibrous upper lip frenulum, even without the eruption of the superior canines in which the child has a mixed dentition, frenectomy is indicated. It is known that laser surgery presents a better postoperative because it allows a precision in the excision of the tissue, in the adjacent tissues causes less damages, has a hemostatic effect, it is not necessary to use suture and consequently reduces the pain and postoperative edema that is quite beneficial to the patient. [ 4 Guideline on Pediatric Oral Surgery. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Reference Manual. Vol 36, No 6. Adopted 2005. Revised 2010, 2014. [Google Scholar] ] The ulectomies performed with laser provide better postoperative comfort for the patient, so it was used in this case, and the eruption of teeth 11 and 21 was verified over a year.

Dental trauma is a public health problem, that have a complex aetiology, with a negative impact in the people life [1]. It has been reported that 25.7% of the children visit a dentist for the first...