The strategies for controlling the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda have been developing over the past four decades; however, the insecticide resistance and the remarkable adaptability of this insect have hindered its success. This review first analyzes the different chemical compounds currently available and the most promising options to control S. frugiperda. Then, we analyze the metabolites obtained from plant extracts with antifeedant, repellent, insecticide, or ovicide effects that could be environmentally friendly options for developing botanical S. frugiperda insecticides. Subsequently, we analyze the biological control based on the use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasitoids against this pest. Finally, the use of sex pheromones to monitor this pest is analyzed. The advances reviewed could provide a wide panorama to guide the search for new pesticidal strategies but focused on environmental sustainability against S. frugiperda.

Purpose To analyze the association between risk factors and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (Grade II-IV) in PNB under 1500 grams. Methods Multicenter, retrospective, analytical, case-control, study in PNB under 34 weeks and under 1500 grams admitted to the NICU Case: PNB with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade II-IV). Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for IVH-associated variables and odds ratios (OR). Results A total of 90 PNB files were analyzed, 45 cases and 45 controls. The highest risk factors for severe IVH were lower gestational age (OR:1.3, p < 0.001), perinatal asphyxia (OR:12, p < 0.001), Apgar < 6 at minute 1 and 5 (OR:6.3, p < 0.001). Conclusion Lower gestational age, birth asphyxia, Apgar score lower of 6, and respiratory-type factors are associated with increased risk for severe IVH.

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass well-characterized behavioral, cognitive, and movement disorders that affect older people, impacting all facets of daily life. In Alzheimer's disease, specific antibodies targeting the β-amyloid protein (aducanumab, lecanemab, and others) are gaining special interest due to the approval of the first particular drugs against this disease. In Parkinson's disease, most drugs were approved several decades ago; however, new Phase II clinical trials point to monoclonal antibodies as a promising approach, and the report of alkaloids also suggests various therapeutic targets against this disease. Pick’s disease has a low prevalence; currently, no drugs are approved by government agencies. However, thanks to molecular tools, it has been possible to elucidate therapeutic targets implicated in the appearance of the disease. α-synuclein is the main therapeutic target in Lewy body disease; most of the reported molecules are in clinical Phases I and II. Additionally, drug repositioning may emerge as a viable option in the search for effective treatments against this disease. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the appearance of newly approved drugs such as tofersen and edaravone, and some others in clinical Phase II (bosutinib), opens a new era in the understanding and treatment of this condition. Altered emotions and progressive damage in some brain regions characterize schizophrenia and vascular dementia. Combinations of tricyclic drugs are a trend that aims to increase the cognitive performance of patients with schizophrenia. In vascular dementia, numerous in vivo trials with molecules of different natures (flavonoids and lactones) have yielded positive results, delaying the progression of the disease. This review examines recent reports on molecules evaluated in vivo and in vitro models of the primary neurodegenerative diseases.

Background: Late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS) remains a major cause of morbidity in preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), yet the contribution of vitamin D status to neonatal infectious susceptibility remains uncertain. Objective: To evaluate clinical and demographic variables and serum vitamin D levels assessed at birth in preterm neonates with and without LONS. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in a tertiary NICU in northeastern Mexico between May 2023 and October 2024. Preterm neonates (<37 weeks of gestation) with serum 25(OH)D measured within the first hour of life were included. Vitamin D status was classified as sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), or deficient (<20 ng/mL). LONS was defined as sepsis occurring after 72 h of life. Comparisons between neonates with and without LONS were performed using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables, as appropriate. Results: Twenty-nine preterm neonates were included (mean gestational age: 32.0 ± 2.6 weeks; mean birth weight: 1748 ± 545 g). The mean serum 25(OH)D level at birth was 35.5 ± 13.0 ng/mL. LONS occurred in 31% (9/29) of neonates, of which 55% were microbiologically confirmed. No significant differences were observed in vitamin D levels between neonates with and without LONS (35.0 ± 12.0 vs. 35.7 ± 13.7 ng/mL; p = 0.899). Vitamin D deficiency was not associated with LONS (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.09–14.28). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was low (10%) in this cohort. Conclusions: A clear association between serum 25(OH)D levels at birth and the development of LONS could not be demonstrated in this small exploratory cohort. Given the limited sample size and low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, further multicenter prospective studies are required to better understand the potential relationship between vitamin D status and neonatal infectious outcomes.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of intraventricular haemorrhage in very low birth weight infants and its main epidemiological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases for convenience. The records of 86 preterm infants weighing less than 1,500 grams during the period from January 2010 to December 2020 were reviewed, including only those with a diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage at discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Classification was performed by transfontanelar ultrasonography according to the Papile scale. Results: A total of 16 cases of intraventricular hemorrhage (18.6% prevalence) were identified, with a mean stay of 76 days. The mean gestational age was 29 weeks and a weight of 1,072 grams. The distribution by severity showed: grade I 19%, grade II 6%, grade III 56% and grade IV 19%. The predominant clinical presentation was saltatory (50%), followed by catastrophic (31%) and silent (19%). There was no significant predominance of sex. The main postnatal risk factors identified were: apnea, respiratory distress syndrome, elevated C-reactive protein and surfactant use (94%), invasive ventilation and hypercapnia (87%). No cases of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus were reported as a complication. Conclusions: The prevalence of intraventricular hemorrhage was 18.6%. Avoiding preterm birth continues to be the most important measure to reduce incidence, complemented by strategies such as delayed clamping of the umbilical cord, use of caffeine and avoiding orotracheal intubation. Keywords: Intraventricular; Newborn; Very low birth weight.