β-lactam antibiotics are a key element in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the excessive use of these antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of β-lactam-resistant enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli. One of the main challenges facing the public health sector is antibacterial resistance (ABR), mainly due to limited options in its pharmacological treatment. Currently, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) present an alarming situation, as there is an increase in morbidity and mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and increased costs for sanitary supplies, which involve not only humans but also the environment and animals, especially animals destined for food production. This review presents an analysis of the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and its distribution in different animal sources throughout the world, providing an understanding of the association with resistance and virulence genes, as well as perceiving the population structure of E. coli.

ESKAPE bacteria represent a group of opportunistic bacterial pathogens that display widespread antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to the last-line antibiotics, thereby posing a significant clinical implication globally. Anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater from hospitals, livestock farms, crop fields, and wastewater treatment plants, contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens into the environment. Surface water sources, including river waters, act as critical points of discharge for wastewater, pollutants, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG). These environmental factors, along with others, facilitate the dissemination and survival of ARBs, as well as promote the exchange of ARGs. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the current environmental landscape concerning the prevalence and persistence of resistant bacteria, particularly those belonging to the ESKAPE group. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current dissemination and characterization of ESKAPE bacteria in surface water and wastewater sources.

This review analyzes the available technical and scientific reports addressing tomato crop losses and discusses the ponderable characteristics for estimating losses caused by Tomato Infecting-Viruses. The tomato around the world represents an important economic aspect, it has positioned as a crop that contributes to the gross domestic product and is essential to achieve food security in some regions. Viral diseases are one of the main causes of economic losses and tomato production, due to the easy dissemination of viral particles, difficult detection, and the few options to combat virus diseases. Tomato Infecting-Viruses such as ToBRFV, TLYCV, TSWV, and TMV are some of the most important viruses due to their ability to cause losses. Abiotic factors must be considered to estimate losses with greater precision and biotic factors, restricted mainly to insects, have an important role in the virus dispersion and adaptation to new niches not studied yet. Viral infections in tomato crops can reach 100% and reported losses are between 2 and 10%. There are no recent official statistics on economic losses due to tomato viruses, the main limitation is to extrapolate and accurately predict today's losses with data from the past decade. The main challenges for estimating the economic impact of viral diseases in tomato crops lie in the omission by growers and authorities on the presence of viral symptoms and the product value in the market. Considering the absolute value of tomato cultivation economic losses by virus diseases should be around 2 to 5% annually.

Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and antimicrobial polymer. Researchers have recently explored using chitosan nanoparticles to fight phytopathogenic fungi. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of studies conducted between 2013 and 2023 using the most popular databases for academic research on this topic. A systematic review was conducted using Software Rayyan to support the process. The search was conducted using the Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. Out of the 752 records found from 2013–2023, only 83 articles were considered eligible for inclusion in the review after screening with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most studies showed that chitosan nanoparticles are produced using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) through ionotropic gelation. However, using TPP has potential drawbacks and may have a synergistic effect with chitosan, which requires further investigation. TPP can affect the biological activity of the nanoparticle matrix. Furthermore, less than 10 out of the 83 articles reviewed in the time frame explored chitosan-only nanoparticles (nanochitosan) against phytopathogenic fungi. This shows the need for more research to determine the potential benefits of chitosan-only nanoparticles in control phytopathogenic fungi.

Background: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) has spread worldwide affecting tomato crop production in several countries. Although there are commercial ToBRFV-resistant tomato varieties; still, careful monitoring of its prevalence is necessary for establishing feasible epidemiological control programs. Since Sonora has a strategic geographic location for tomato cultivation and export, studies on the detection and prevention of ToBRFV outbreaks are pertinent as part of the actions to achieve the eradication of this virus. Objective: To determine the recent prevalence of ToBRFV in tomato-producing areas of the state of Sonora, Mexico in the period 2021-2022, using a combination of molecular and serological tools. Methodology: Samples of tomato leaves and fruits were collected from commercial greenhouses in different regions of Sonora from September 2021 to June 2022. Forty-four tomato leaves and 42 seed samples were analyzed for ToBRFV using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and by direct detection of viral epitopes by immunochromatography. Results: 60% and 48% of the samples tested positive for ToBRFV by immunochromatography and RT-qPCR, respectively, showing an exact agreement regarding the samples’ origin. Implications: Future research may focus on genomic analysis of viral isolates that would provide clues of ToBRFV propagation speed and emergence of particular viral strains typical of the place of origin. Conclusion: The presence of ToBRFV in the state of Sonora, Mexico is limited to specific geographic sites, which suggests that local regulations and phytosanitary actions have worked to control the spread of the virus.

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass well-characterized behavioral, cognitive, and movement disorders that affect older people, impacting all facets of daily life. In Alzheimer's disease, specific antibodies targeting the β-amyloid protein (aducanumab, lecanemab, and others) are gaining special interest due to the approval of the first particular drugs against this disease. In Parkinson's disease, most drugs were approved several decades ago; however, new Phase II clinical trials point to monoclonal antibodies as a promising approach, and the report of alkaloids also suggests various therapeutic targets against this disease. Pick’s disease has a low prevalence; currently, no drugs are approved by government agencies. However, thanks to molecular tools, it has been possible to elucidate therapeutic targets implicated in the appearance of the disease. α-synuclein is the main therapeutic target in Lewy body disease; most of the reported molecules are in clinical Phases I and II. Additionally, drug repositioning may emerge as a viable option in the search for effective treatments against this disease. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the appearance of newly approved drugs such as tofersen and edaravone, and some others in clinical Phase II (bosutinib), opens a new era in the understanding and treatment of this condition. Altered emotions and progressive damage in some brain regions characterize schizophrenia and vascular dementia. Combinations of tricyclic drugs are a trend that aims to increase the cognitive performance of patients with schizophrenia. In vascular dementia, numerous in vivo trials with molecules of different natures (flavonoids and lactones) have yielded positive results, delaying the progression of the disease. This review examines recent reports on molecules evaluated in vivo and in vitro models of the primary neurodegenerative diseases.