Logistics has long been important in an industrial society. Compared with the traditional structure of distribution, which requires freight to be delivered mostly to warehouses or retail stores, customers now often prefer packages to be delivered to their residences, especially after the delivery challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. The delivery of parcels to urban residential areas increases the challenge due to the amount of delivery volume, tight delivery schedules, and continuously changing delivery conditions. Last-mile delivery tries to address the challenges, taking advantage of the available automation, sensor and communication technologies, and people’s attitudes toward parcel delivery for the benefit of all stakeholders. Various approaches to last-mile delivery have been proposed and analyzed in the literature. This paper reviews the recent literature on vehicle routing for last-mile delivery. The review identified four major categories: crowdshipping, parcel lockers, delivery by sidekicks, and delivery to optional points. The nature of the problems is discussed in five aspects: fleet capacity, time window, fleet option, dynamism of input, and stochastic parameters. The review identifies the achievements and limitations of the research in the areas and proposes a future research agenda.

This study attempted to identify the important factors that affect the performance of a laboratory fume hood and the relationship between the factors and hood performance under various conditions by analyzing and generalizing the results from other studies that quantitatively investigated fume hood performance. A literature search identified 43 studies that were published from 1966 to 2006. For each of those studies, information on the type of test methods used, the factors investigated, and the findings were recorded and summarized. Among the 43 quantitative experimental studies, 21 comparable studies were selected, and then a meta-analysis of the comparable studies was conducted. The exposure concentration variable from the resulting 617 independent test conditions was dichotomized into acceptable or unacceptable using the control level of 0.1 ppm tracer gas. Regression analysis using Cox proportional hazards models provided hood failure ratios for potential exposure determinants. The variables that were found to be statistically significant were the presence of a mannequin/human subject, the distance between a source and breathing zone, and the height of sash opening. In summary, performance of laboratory fume hoods was affected mainly by the presence of a mannequin/human subject, distance between a source and breathing zone, and height of sash opening. Presence of a mannequin/human subject in front of the hood adversely affects hood performance. Worker exposures to air contaminants can be greatly reduced by increasing the distance between the contaminant source and breathing zone and by reducing the height of sash opening. Many other factors can also affect hood performance. Checking face velocity by itself is unlikely to be sufficient in evaluating hood performance properly. An evaluation of the performance of a laboratory fume hood should be performed with a human subject or a mannequin in front of the hood and should address the effects of the activities performed by a hood user.

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal injuries and disorders (WMSDs) are among the most frequently reported causes of lost or restricted work time in the construction industry. Ergonomics is still a relatively new theme for the construction indust