The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evaluation comparisons were performed in terms of handover probability (HOP), ping-pong handover probability (PPHP) and outage probability (OP). The 5G network framework has been employed to evaluate the proposed system scenarios used. The simulation results reveal that there is a trade-off in the results obtained from various systems. The use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable enhancements compared to higher HCP settings in terms of OP. Simultaneously, the use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable drawbacks compared to higher HCP settings in terms of high PPHP for all scenarios of mobile speed. The simulation results show that medium HCP settings may be the acceptable solution if one of these systems is applied. This study emphasises the application of automatic self-optimisation (ASO) functions as the best solution that considers user experience.

The 10-Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON), also known as (XGPON), is a key technology for the next generation of optical fibre communication systems that can improve reliability data rate. However, the increment in the transmission distance and data rate will lead to increased dispersion. This paper proposes a model based on the Sub-Carrier Multiplexing/Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Radio over Fibre-10-Gigabit Passive Optical Network system (SCM/WDM-RoF-XGPON) for Radio Frequency (RF) using a conventional Optical Network Unit (ONU) with the Square Root Module (SRM) on the side of the receiver. It is connected to a central office Optical Line Terminal (OLT) via an access network for multi-channel optical fibre transfers with a distance of 80 km and at 10 Gbps data rate. The Optisystem 15 simulation software is used to evaluate the proposed system based on the Bit Error Rate (BER), Quality factor (Q-factor) and eye diagram. The proposed system of bidirectional fibre links uses 1270 nm and 1577 nm wavelengths for uplink and downlink transmissions, respectively. The performance is further enhanced by using SRM to compensate for the square law characteristics, making it suitable for broadband services. Due to the utilisation of SRM in the architecture, the reported results reveal a double enhancement in successful transition performance at an optical fibre length of 80 km distance. The BER displayed significant improvement (less than 1.00E-09) with SRM at 80 km; however, without SRM and at 50 km, the BER is less than 1.00E-09. Investigations have presented an enhancement in the Q-factor's effectiveness with the use of SRM, which helps to increase the XGPON length. When the length of the fibre is 80 km, the Q-factor is 6 with SRM, while it is 3.7 without SRM.

The motivation of this study springs from the need of exploiting the advantages of high data rate and increased mobility of the transmitted signal in the Next Generation Passive Optical Network stage 2 (NG-PON2) incorporated into Radio over Fiber (RoF) system. Nonetheless, such system is prone to degradation due to the nonlinear effects, namely, the non-linear impairments. Accordingly, this study suggests a design for a full-duplex NG-PON2-RoF system and it investigates the impact of the nonlinear effects on the performance of system, such as; Self-Phased Modulation (SPM), Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM), and Four-Wave Mixing (FWM). However, these effects would result in a significant data loss in Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network (TWDM-PON). To achieve the intended purpose of this investigation, both the performance of the suggested system and the nonlinear effects of SPM, XPM, and FWM are measured with reference to the qualitative parameters, such as; Bit Error Rate (BER), Q-Factor, Power link Budget, and the Eye-diagram. The results show that the system performs efficiently; however, in the presence of the nonlinear effects, the performance of the systems degrades significantly affecting the signal quality. It is worth noting that the FWM effect yields the most negative impact followed by the XPM, and the SPM effect yields the least significant impact on the system. Also, the system yields the capacity of transmitting range of 20-100 Km, and it results in data rate of 40-80 Gbps. The proposed system is simulated using the software Optisystem 15.

Home Automation System (HAS) has seen an increase in popularity as developments in connectivity and information technology. A Smart Home (SH) is a form of advanced applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) that allows users to track and manage their electronic devices through the internet. This paper describes an affordable, secure, WiFi- based smart home or home automation system, that enables the monitoring of home devices by homeowners at local and remote locations. The Arduino Mega 2560 and Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ were used to configuring the server automation framework. Further, various sensors were used to observe current, voltages, humidity, temperature, movement, flame, smoke, gas, doors and other household conditions. The proposed automation system can monitor home conditions via the Blynk IoT Platform for both Android or IOS.

The green laser can enter the underwater, which creates it probable to portion the depth of low water reservoirs, rivers, and sea waters. This work presents the

Positioning within indoor environments is one of the major challenges facing many different applications. It has become necessary to find algorithms and systems