Time-division multiplexing passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) considered as a good solution for a high bit rate and flexible bandwidth system. In this paper, the simulation of a new bit-interleaving TDM transmitter has carried out. The proposed scheme of downstream TDM-PON based on single Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZM) and single laser diode to carry an electrical multiplexed data providing cost effective, high-transmitted power and easy implementation system. The TDM-PON technique has seen widespread since the beginning of this century, especially with FTTH where flexible bandwidth and high bit rate are required. Hence, the simulation of 10, 25, 40, and 50 Gbps TDM-PON have been presented in three scenarios based on two downstream transmitter schemes of FTTH. Those scenarios have carried out the standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and the free-space optic (FSO) as transmission media, and the single mode dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) and Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) as dispersion compensators. The results show that the electrical multiplexed scheme of TDM transmitter provides better performance with the comparison of the traditional optical TDM transmitter in different scenarios with different bit rates.

Background: The Internet of Thing is a network that enables multiple hardware devices, sensors and other home applications from electronically communicate with each other. New era such technology is increasing importance mainly due to the revolutionary development of information technologies. Methods: However, energy efficiency is still a big challenge facing IoT technology. Thus, it becomes an interesting topic for many researchers to investigate. Current work aims to reduce the energy consumption thereby introducing the shortest path technique and another new practicing for Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm in the Internet of Thing cooperative clusters. Results: The main concept is based on cluster heads cooperation with each other known as Cooperative Clusters to transfer information to the base station. The Primary results reveals a 17% and 16% reduction in energy consumption was achieved over the shortest path technique and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm respectively. Results also show a remarkable improvement in the system lifetime due to the new applied scheme. Conclusion: The other method is by PSO algothrim at beginig it sending Randomly then it will select the path by using the feed back acknowledgment after that it will collect the information by sending it for the Cluster heads by updating the information status automatically. That’s why we discovered the PSO advantages than the others.

The successful solutions used to manage traffic at intersections is the Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET). The main problems in VANET are the preparation of the blocked route, repeated topology differences, and continuous vehicle movement. These problems are difficult to route data towards destinations. To work around this problem, use the Position-Based Routing Protocol (MDORA) name. One of the objectives of this protocol is to choose the best way to rely on the jump by the jump and on the footing of the farthest dis-tance of the interface from the source, thus ensuring the full transfer of data. This protocol reduces frequent connections by detecting the following packets and sending packets without first discovering the path. The environment is simulated by the Matlab program to show protocol results. The random distribution of nodes generation in the simulation environment has been changed in order to change con-tract locations compared to the first state of simulation and to show new result in second state of the protocol. as well The time unit value is also changed to reach the ratio of the number of dropped packets.

The cardiac signal is very important for the heart disease diagnosis and evaluation. The noise cancelation represent one of the most preprocessing stage in ECG, usually, this signal is very sensitive and varies with time. This signal is mostly contaminated by different signals like Power line noise signal, Baseline signal and muscle signal. The power line interference signal is the most effected signal on the ECG during data recording. Several papers try to cancel the noise based on different ways and to extract the useful information. In this work a novel approach founded by stone blind extraction technique is used to extract the pure ECG signal from raw ECG, the main advantage of the proposed approach compared with the classical technique is to separate all the useful information without filtering or cancelling the suitable data from the recording signal. Real ECG data from MIT-BIH databases is taken and the MATLAB program is used to calculate experimental results. The proposed approach is measured based on SNR and MSE. The contribution of this work is to use Stone blind source separation technique as a first time in ECG signal analysis and prove that this method is the best technique compared with conventional ways. The obtained result proves Stone BSS technique is very efficient to remove the power line noise.

The application of a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network at intersections is of great importance in the world, but the great challenge that this network is facing is the changing topology. To solve this problem, several routing protocols have been proposed to guide packets between vehicles until the changing topology is overcome. One of the most important types of protocols is site-based protocol. One of the most important features of this protocol maximum distance on-demand routing algorithm is that it chooses the best path and maximum distance in the direction of the destination vehicle with the least number of hops in order to ensure the transfer of all packages to the destination vehicle and reduce overhead and delays, This work is different from some previous work by making the speed of vehicles varies between (40–120 km/h) and showing the results in terms of end to end delay, communication overhead, packet delivery ratio. Another case has been forced to change the contract locations randomly and show the results E2E delay, packet delivery ratio, communication overhead. Finally, we compare the results of the protocol MDORA for fixed and variable velocity vehicles in terms of the number of dropped packets.

The technology of radio over fiber (RoF) regard a crucial point to solve problems in wireless communication system. As well as, the growth of internet applications also reveals a tremendous increase in bandwidth for different applications. Therefore, the development of optical networks is very important that have maximum bandwidth by using different multiple access techniques. Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique has considered as a good solution for high bandwidth network. Hybrid optical systems of OCDMA and time division multiplexing (OTDM) has been proposed in this paper to increase the number of simultaneous users. The results of hybrid OCDMA and OTDM system demonstrate that this system can make a considerable increase in the network scalability while ensuring sufficient data rate and an acceptable bit error rate. Where M-user OCDMA signals can be transmitted in different channels of an OTDM system. Due to its wide band facility compared with other access techniques, OCDMA used here. In addition to its high scalability for our radio network, the OTDM and SCM utilized. The combination of these efficient access technique and powerful time-sharing media are lead to increase the framework system scalability.