Rescue systems determine safety and guarantee it is provided at an adequate level. One aspect of the development of rescue systems is their continuous improvement and enrichment through the application of specialised tools and methods. Selection of these tools and methods should be preceded by an analysis of currently operating systems both in country and globally. This article presents solutions used outside of Poland which the authors believe could be implemented in Poland’s national rescue system. They base their indication on the analysis of the national rescue systems in Poland and elsewhere.

Artykuł jest swoistym podsumowaniem projektu "Wysokospecjalistyczna platforma wspomagająca planowanie cywilne i ratownictwo w administracji publicznej", sfinansowanego przez NCBR w ramach konkursu 7/2015 (beneficjentem jest Państwowa Straż Pożarna), zrealizowanego przez konsorcjum: Wydział Zarządzania Politechniki Warszawskiej oraz Medcore sp. z o.o. (Kosieradzka i in., 2018). Był on kontynuacją projektu "Metodyka oceny ryzyka na potrzeby systemu zarządzania kryzysowego RP", sfinansowanego przez NCBR w ramach konkursu 3/2012 (beneficjentem było Rządowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa), a opracowana w tym projekcie krajowa metodyka stała się częścią Unijnego Mechanizmu Ochrony Ludności. W obu projektach zastosowano metodę poszukiwania analogii pomiędzy podejściem metodycznym stosowanym dotąd w zarządzaniu i ocenie ryzyka operacyjnego w odniesieniu do działalności podmiotów biznesowych.

The formula of engaging an energy service company (ESCO) in Poland is not a new form of accounting for investments in improving energy efficiency. The results of our survey confirm that many entities still lack sufficient knowledge about this subject. The research problem this paper is concerned with is the conditions of applying the ESCO formula (a model of investment financing with the participation of a specialised company) to support local government units and enterprises in energy-industry project development. For the purpose of this study, the research questions were formulated to analyse of the following issues: the reasons for interest in the ESCO formula and the sources of knowledge about this solution; activities and other factors that can increase or reduce interest in the ESCO formula; services in terms of ESCO formula implementation; the attractiveness of alternative instruments for financing energy industry projects, the benefits of using the ESCO formula and the influence of current and future target groups on ESCO formula development in Poland. This paper, therefore aims to recognise the conditions under which the ESCO formula can be applied by local government units and enterprises implementing energy industry projects in Poland. The research problem was solved using a triangulation of research methods: empirical qualitative research (desk research analysis, individual in-depth interviews, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) survey, and focus group interviews) and one of the foresight methods (an expert panel). The research revealed that the lack of knowledge amongst local government units and enterprises with regard to the ESCO formula, although not unique to Poland, is insufficient to explain the low level of interest in this solution. One of the key conclusions is the need to educate local government units and enterprises on energy efficiency. This is vital to arouse their interest in the more complex ESCO implementation solutions that they have not yet investigated. Furthermore, by following and analysing the project implementation process in the ESCO formula, we can conclude that the risk generated is primarily on the part of the energy service company itself. For this reason, it is doubtful that energy service companies will invest the equity necessary to develop this challenging market. Based on the research conclusions, we indicate some recommendations that the government and related public institutions should consider in order to boost this market and support ESCO companies.

The aim of the article is (1) to examine the approach to civil planning in Poland and abroad, including the implementation of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism in Poland, which is reflected in a project of the civil protection act, as well as (2) the review and identification of good practices in the world that can have a beneficial impact and be used in Poland. The research was carried out using the desk research method. The analysis of the existing solutions and identification of good civil planning practices in the world was carried out according to selected dimensions of the civil planning, including: contemporary model concepts of the civil crisis management, including military aspects, analytical planning methods, solutions in the field of knowledge transfer, the policy of financing institutional structures responsible for security and emergency response, technical and organisational improvements. The research has shown that the traditional formula based on the preparation of the required plans is inadequate to pace of changes occurring in the environment, including new threats, but also the ability to transfer solutions and good practices to Poland.

Obecne trendy sektora energetycznego wiążą się z transformacją energetyczną, udziałem odnawialnych źródeł energii, efektywnością energetyczną, bezpieczeństwem, stabilnością i ciągłością dostaw. Wskutek wydarzeń ostatnich lat znaczenia nabrała odporność, czyli zdolność opierania się zakłóceniom. Celem artykułu jest próba sformułowania założeń odpornego systemu energetycznego oraz ilustracja podejścia na przykładzie systemu ciepłowniczego. W zaproponowanym podejściu odporność jest ujęta w trzech wymiarach: strukturalnym, dywersyfikacji oraz redundancji. W planowaniu strategicznym wówczas, gdy należy podejmować decyzje o dalekosiężnych skutkach, wykonywane są pogłębione analizy scenariuszy rozwoju odzwierciedlające prognozowane trendy i zagrożenia. W części badawczej artykułu przedstawiono wyniki scenariuszy symulacyjnych dla lat 2020-2050, modelowanych z wykorzystaniem systemu OSeMOSYS. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły na porównanie zmian technologii, emisji CO2 oraz wysokości nakładów inwestycyjnych analizowanego systemu ciepłowniczego. Uzasadnieniem podjęcia badań metodą modelowania są korzyści, które wynikają z prac analitycznych. Z natury nie są one kosztowne, umożliwiają definiowanie szerokiego zakresu badań i interpretacji wyników. Proponowane założenia odpornego systemu energetycznego mogą być przydatne do stosowania w analitycznych badaniach sektora i przedsiębiorstw. Przyjęto, że uwzględnia ona trzy wymiary: strukturalny – technologiczno-organizacyjny; dywersyfikacyjny – dotyczy zróżnicowania dostaw paliw i wykorzystywanych technologii; redundantny – utrzymywania rezerw paliw i techniki.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal for the methodology of developing rescue plans and the concepts of applying recommended response schedules in the context of the State Fire Service’s planning responsibilities (preparation) and public administration (reconciliation and approval), according to the legal order in force in Poland. In the proposed concept, recommended schedules are built on the basis of the matches and successes identified according to the criteria, i.e. the best carried out rescue actions from the register of reports. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is based on the analysis of existing legal status and policy in Poland as well as the selected relevant academic literature. Findings: The result is the formulation of a methodology for drawing up the rescue plans to the extent required by law and proposing a concept for the method of developing and applying recommended response schedules, supporting operational planning and conducting rescue operations. Practical implications: The proposed methodology is to support the procedure of drawing up rescue plans by implying and implementing them into IT solutions. The suggested recommended response schedules, based on observations and conclusions from the analysis of the past rescue operations, may present circumstances and sequences of the use of forces and measures that have had beneficial effects in the past. An in-depth analysis of historical data from the conducted rescue operations may also be used to determine time indicators for the response phase. Originality/value: The proposed solutions complement the methods currently used by public administration in Poland. The concept can also be inspiring for the State Fire Service (PSP) which has its own analytical tools in the form of a decision support system and registers of rescue operations carried out. The PSP may undertake the practical verification of the presented methodology for preparing rescue plans and recommended response schedules.