Syzygium formosum (SF) leaves have long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin-related diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. To understand the underpinning pharmacological mechanism of skin relief functionality, the quantitative profile of phytochemicals in the leaf extract has been performed. Twenty phytochemical components including eight flavonoids, three phenolic acids, and nine triterpenoids were identified and quantitatively analyzed from the SF leaves. The dominant flavonoids of the SF leaves were found to be catechin and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid. Among triterpenoids, asiatic acid, corosolic acid, and betulinic acid exhibited a high concentration ranging 2.78–8.59, 3.19–3.91, and 3.58–6.14 mg/g dry leaf, respectively. The total triterpenoid contents were 14.18–19.00 mg/g dry leaf which were 3-fold higher than those in the Indonesian Centella asiatica leaves. In human keratinocytes assay, industrial scale extract of SF significantly reduced expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2. Furthermore, that SF extract exhibited very strong antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes that possibly induce serious skin problems. Our results proved that S. formosum leaf extract with high content of biologically active compounds could be a superior bioactive ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) exhibit substantial inter-individual and secretor-dependent variation, yet comprehensive quantitative data across diverse maternal phenotypes remain limited. In this study, we analyzed 578 human milk samples from four Asian populations using a dual mass spectrometry approach, combining quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) for structural profiling and triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometry for absolute quantitation of 15 major HMOs. Samples were classified into Secretor (76.7%) and Non-Secretor (23.3%) groups based on α-1,2-fucosylated HMO profiles. Secretor milk was enriched in α-1,2-fucosylated HMOs, whereas Non-Secretor milk showed markedly reduced levels of these structures. However, Non-Secretor retained substantial total fucosylated HMOs (65–76% of Secretor levels), accompanied by increased α-1,3/4-fucosylated structures, including up to 3.2-fold higher levels of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL). Sensitive QQQ quantitation further revealed trace levels of α-1,2-fucosylated HMOs in Non-Secretor at concentrations 10–100-fold lower than in Secretor. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between α-1,2- and α-1,3-fucosylation patterns, consistent with redistribution of fucosylation pathways. These findings suggest that the Non-Secretor phenotype represents a distinct compositional state rather than a simple loss of α-1,2-fucosylation and provide a quantitative framework for phenotype-informed nutritional strategies.