The usage of electric vehicles (EV) has been increasing over the last few years due to a rise in fossil fuel prices and the rate of increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. EV-charging stations are powered by existing utility power grid systems, increasing the stress on the utility grid and the load demand at the distribution side. DC grid-based EV charging is more efficient than AC distribution because of its higher reliability, power conversion efficiency, simple interfacing with renewable energy sources (RESs), and integration of energy storage units (ESU). RES-generated power storage in local ESU is an alternative solution for managing the utility grid demand. In addition, to maintain the EV charging demand at the microgrid levels, energy management and control strategies must carefully power the EV battery charging unit. In addition, charging stations require dedicated converter topologies, control strategies, and need to follow set levels and standards. Based on EV, ESU, and RES accessibility, different types of microgrid architecture and control strategies are used to ensure optimum operation at the EV-charging point. Based on the above said merits, this review paper presents different RES-connected architecture and control strategies used in EV-charging stations. It highlights the importance of different charging station architectures with current power converter topologies proposed in the literature. In addition, a comparison of microgrid-based charging station architecture with its energy management, control strategies, and charging converter controls are also presented. The different levels and types of charging stations used for EV charging, in addition to controls and connectors used, are also discussed. An experiment-based energy management strategy was developed to control power flow among the available sources and charging terminals for the effective utilization of generated renewable power. The main motive of the EMS and its control is to maximize the usage of RES consumption. This review also provides the challenges and opportunities in EV-charging, and parameters in selecting appropriate charging stations.

Evaluation of DC-DC converter using renewable energy sources

This paper focuses on the power quality improvement at input and output stages of three phase diode rectifier. The input current harmonics distortion (THD), power factor at input and output side and voltage regulation of the three phase diode rectifier is investigated for power quality improvement. In this method, bidirectional switches are connected across the front end rectifier. The circuit with buck regulator is simulated for different torque conditions of DC motor. Design of Fuzzy controller and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) are based on heuristic knowledge converter behavior. The design of PI control is based on the frequency response of the converter. The experimental results are presented for the circuit with resonant DC link inverter and induction motor using microcontroller and FPGA based hardware implementations.

Nowadays, the Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motors are intended to achieve the maneuver with elevated exactness and accurateness. To elevate the exactness and accurateness of the Permanent Magnet DC motors, the two-loop Interleaved Boost Converter (ILBC) is intended to control methods. The projected Converter is located between DC load and Permanent Magnet DC motor loads. The united construction of Permanent Magnet DC motors and Interleaved Boost Converter may be miscarried owing to steady state error, speed disparity, and slow response. To condense the difficulties, the Fuzzy Logic Controller is intended in the recommended Converter and Permanent Magnet DC motor. This exertion enlightened the modelling, simulation, and relevance of the Interleaved Boost Converter with Permanent Magnet DC motor (ILBC-PMDCM). The recommended technique chief objective aims at upholding the mandatory DC voltage from the input supply voltage with the assistance of Fuzzy Logic Controller. Current mode Fuzzy Logic Controller is proposed in the present work. The objective is to improve small-scale stability of ILBC-PMDCM system. The recommended controller is functioning based on closed-loop alignment. The projected FL controller is simulated and equated with the Proportional Integral (PI) controller in Permanent Magnet DC motor. From the investigation, the projected controller presents the finest outcomes than the Proportional Integral controller. The projected controller has altered benefits such as declined steady state error and enriched time domain response. The hardware outcomes of the projected controller are also presented, which are evaluated against the simulation outcomes.

The novel non-isolated high step-down DC-DC converter is proposed to reduce the voltage stress of main switch. The new capacitive voltage division method is used to store the input energy in input capacitors. The three input capacitors are connected across the input supply to store and release the energy to three interleaved buck converter with high step down ratio without less duty ratio. The input capacitor voltage division method will reduce the voltage stress of switch, hence easy to select the low rating switch. The low rating switch offer low on state resistance, which result in reduced conduction loss of switch. The application of interleaved PWM provides input ripple current cancellation as a result input and output current ripple get reduced. The three phase interleaved converter proposes analysis, principle of working and simulation results are presented. The proposed new method is examined under various simulation parameters are such as switching loss, conduction loss, current ripple, and voltage gain. The proposed converter simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The presented simulation result is validated by experimental result of prototype proposed converter with 29.1 volt input 1.091 volt output.