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Dr. Estefania Artigao
1. Renewable Energy Research Institute, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Operations and maintenance of wind turbines
0 Condition monitoring of wind turbines
0 Current signature analysis
0 Doubly-fed induction generators
0 Reliability and availability of wind farms

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness, practical applicability, accuracy and reliability of Standard IEC 61400-27-1. The objective of this standard is to specify generic simulation models for the four main types of wind turbines, as well as procedures to validate them. Given that most of the works published and related to the validation of generic wind turbine models have applied a limited number of voltage dip tests to a single wind turbine, the present paper significantly widens the scope of these studies, conducting a total of 59 voltage dip field tests in 7 different wind turbines from 3 manufacturers. The Type 3 and Type 4 wind turbines, i.e., the doubly-fed and the full-scale converter wind turbines, respectively, are the two topologies analysed, since these comprise the vast majority of the market share for new wind turbines. The field measurements carried out on the actual wind turbines are compared to the simulation results of the corresponding IEC dynamic wind turbine models, and the IEC validation methodology is applied. Based on the results obtained, several comparative analyses are performed, and the reasons for differences in the accuracy of the behaviour of the wind turbine topologies considered are also analysed.

ACS Style

R. Villena-Ruiz; A. Honrubia-Escribano; F. Jiménez-Buendía; J.L. Sosa-Avendaño; S. Frahm; P. Gartmann; J. Fortmann; P.E. Sørensen; E. Gómez-Lázaro. Extensive model validation for generic IEC 61400-27-1 wind turbine models. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2021, 134, 107331 .

AMA Style

R. Villena-Ruiz, A. Honrubia-Escribano, F. Jiménez-Buendía, J.L. Sosa-Avendaño, S. Frahm, P. Gartmann, J. Fortmann, P.E. Sørensen, E. Gómez-Lázaro. Extensive model validation for generic IEC 61400-27-1 wind turbine models. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2021; 134 ():107331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Villena-Ruiz; A. Honrubia-Escribano; F. Jiménez-Buendía; J.L. Sosa-Avendaño; S. Frahm; P. Gartmann; J. Fortmann; P.E. Sørensen; E. Gómez-Lázaro. 2021. "Extensive model validation for generic IEC 61400-27-1 wind turbine models." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 134, no. : 107331.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in IEEE Access
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The rapid evolution of wind energy in reducing CO 2 emissions worldwide is undeniable, which is, in fact, expected to continue or even increase its impressive yearly capacity growth. In this regard, optimizing operations and maintenance of wind turbines (WTs) and farms is considered to be one of the options for reducing the levelized cost of electricity of wind energy. This can be achieved by developing innovative condition monitoring methods. To this end, the use of the windowed scalogram difference (WSD) algorithm, based on wavelets, is proposed as an alternative solution, combined with current signature analysis (CSA). The electric generator is one of the major contributors to WT failure rates and downtime, and doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) are the dominant technology in variable-speed WTs. In the present work, operational data on an in-service WT DFIG are analyzed over a period of eight months, in contrast to the majority of the studies in this field, which rely on laboratory or simulated data. The evolution of the fault, namely rotor mechanical asymmetry, at an early stage, is analyzed and quantified implementing WSD to the stator current signals, supported by the previous diagnosis achieved through CSA. The combination of CSA and WSD shows strong potential for diagnosing and tracking, respectively, incipient faults in in-service WT DFIGs.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; José Miguel Ballester-Arce; María Carmen Bueso; Angel Molina-García; Andrés Honrubia Escribano; Emilio Gómez Lázaro. Fault evolution monitoring of an in-service wind turbine DFIG using Windowed Scalogram Difference. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, José Miguel Ballester-Arce, María Carmen Bueso, Angel Molina-García, Andrés Honrubia Escribano, Emilio Gómez Lázaro. Fault evolution monitoring of an in-service wind turbine DFIG using Windowed Scalogram Difference. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; José Miguel Ballester-Arce; María Carmen Bueso; Angel Molina-García; Andrés Honrubia Escribano; Emilio Gómez Lázaro. 2021. "Fault evolution monitoring of an in-service wind turbine DFIG using Windowed Scalogram Difference." IEEE Access 9, no. : 1-1.

Research article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Computer Applications in Engineering Education
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Current power systems are undergoing a rapid and complex transformation due to the integration of distributed generation. Load flow analysis is increasingly necessary to evaluate not only the operating point of the existing power system but also the design of future expansions. There are a wide variety of power system analysis packages used for load flow analysis. Of these, PowerFactory, one of the tools most widely used by network operators, is implemented for the present learning approach. In fact, one of the challenges for electric utility companies is the lack of experts who are familiar with this type of commercial tool. In the present work, several scenarios were defined and implemented using PowerFactory, covering common real‐life situations in power systems, such as the connection of a new line or a capacitor bank, or the installation of a renewable energy power plant. In this regard, the goal of the present teaching method was to complement the educational competences of power system engineers. As such, the proposed method was implemented in both an Electrical Engineering Degree course and a Master's Degree course in Industrial Engineering, where useful application feedback from students was obtained. Furthermore, the proposed approach is easily replicable for teaching/learning activities at other academic institutions.

ACS Style

Andrés Honrubia‐Escribano; Raquel Villena‐Ruiz; Estefanía Artigao; Emilio Gómez‐Lázaro; Ana Morales. Advanced teaching method for learning power system operation based on load flow simulations. Computer Applications in Engineering Education 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Andrés Honrubia‐Escribano, Raquel Villena‐Ruiz, Estefanía Artigao, Emilio Gómez‐Lázaro, Ana Morales. Advanced teaching method for learning power system operation based on load flow simulations. Computer Applications in Engineering Education. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Honrubia‐Escribano; Raquel Villena‐Ruiz; Estefanía Artigao; Emilio Gómez‐Lázaro; Ana Morales. 2021. "Advanced teaching method for learning power system operation based on load flow simulations." Computer Applications in Engineering Education , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper proposes a practical approach to assess wind energy resource and calculate annual energy production for use on university courses in engineering. To this end, two practical exercises were designed in the open-source software GNU Octave (compatible with MATLAB) using both synthetic and field data. The script used to generate the synthetic data as well as those created to develop the practical exercises are included for the benefit of other educational bodies. With the first exercise the students learn how to characterize the wind resource at the wind turbine hub height and adjust it to the Weibull distribution. Two examples are included in this exercise: one with an appropriate fit and another where the Weibull distribution does not fit properly to the generated data. Furthermore, in this exercise, field data (gathered with a LiDAR remote sensing device) is also used to calculate shear exponents for a proper characterisation of the wind profile. The second exercise consists of the calculation of the annual energy production of a wind power plant, where the students can assess the influence of different factors (wind speed, rotor diameter, rated power, etc.) in the project. The exercises proposed can easily be implemented through either in-class or online teaching modes.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Sergio Martín-Martínez; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Wind Resource and Wind Power Generation Assessment for Education in Engineering. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2444 .

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Sergio Martín-Martínez, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Wind Resource and Wind Power Generation Assessment for Education in Engineering. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Sergio Martín-Martínez; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2021. "Wind Resource and Wind Power Generation Assessment for Education in Engineering." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2444.

Original research paper
Published: 12 January 2021 in IET Renewable Power Generation
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Publicly available wind turbine failure rate and downtime studies are scarce in the scientific literature. Recent surveys in the field reveal that only 20 studies of wind farms based in Europe, Asia and the U.S. have been published, but there are no studies analysing wind farms located in Spain. With Spain holding the second place in terms of installed capacity in Europe, and the fifth worldwide, the importance of the Spanish wind power sector is evident. The present study comprehensively analyses the Spanish WT fleet in terms of yearly installed capacity and number of machines installed per technology and capacity ranges. The current fleet age ranges are also analysed. Under this scenario, the present work aims to contribute to the literature with a new failure rate and downtime study, where 75 WTs from six wind farms located in Spain are analysed over a period of 11 years. The most critical assemblies are identified per WT technology type and in general for the whole data set. Finally, the failure rate and downtime results obtained for the Spanish survey are compared against a selection of similar previously published studies.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; Sergio Martin‐Martinez; Alberto Ceña; Andres Honrubia‐Escribano; Emilio Gomez‐Lazaro. Failure rate and downtime survey of wind turbines located in Spain. IET Renewable Power Generation 2021, 15, 225 -236.

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, Sergio Martin‐Martinez, Alberto Ceña, Andres Honrubia‐Escribano, Emilio Gomez‐Lazaro. Failure rate and downtime survey of wind turbines located in Spain. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2021; 15 (1):225-236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; Sergio Martin‐Martinez; Alberto Ceña; Andres Honrubia‐Escribano; Emilio Gomez‐Lazaro. 2021. "Failure rate and downtime survey of wind turbines located in Spain." IET Renewable Power Generation 15, no. 1: 225-236.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2020 in Electronics
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Wind power is positioned as one of the fastest-growing energy sources today, while also being a mature technology with a strong capacity for creating employment and guaranteeing environmental sustainability. However, the stochastic nature of wind may affect the integration of power plants into power systems and the availability of generation capacity. In this sense, as in the case of conventional power plants, wind power installations should be able to help maintain power system stability and reliability. To help achieve this objective, a significant number of countries have developed so-called grid interconnection agreements. These are designed to define the technical and behavioral requirements that wind power installations, as well as other power plants, must comply with when seeking connection to the national network. These documents also detail the tasks that should be conducted to certify such installations, so these can be commercially exploited. These certification processes allow countries to assess wind turbine and wind power plant simulation models. These models can then be used to estimate and simulate wind power performance under a variety of scenarios. Within this framework, and with a particular focus on the new Spanish grid code, the present paper addresses the validation process of dynamic wind turbine models followed in three countries—Spain, Germany and South Africa. In these three countries, and as a novel option, it has been proposed that these models form part of the commissioning and certification processes of wind power plants.

ACS Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Ángel Molina-García; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Requirements for Validation of Dynamic Wind Turbine Models: An International Grid Code Review. Electronics 2020, 9, 1707 .

AMA Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Ángel Molina-García, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Requirements for Validation of Dynamic Wind Turbine Models: An International Grid Code Review. Electronics. 2020; 9 (10):1707.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Ángel Molina-García; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2020. "Requirements for Validation of Dynamic Wind Turbine Models: An International Grid Code Review." Electronics 9, no. 10: 1707.

Review
Published: 17 June 2020 in Energies
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Operation and maintenance (O&M) activities represent a significant share of the total expenditure of a wind farm. Of these expenses, costs associated with unexpected failures account for the highest percentage. Therefore, it is clear that early detection of wind turbine (WT) failures, which can be achieved through appropriate condition monitoring (CM), is critical to reduce O&M costs. The use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data has recently been recognized as an effective solution for CM since most modern WTs record large amounts of parameters using their SCADA systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can convert SCADA data into information that can be used for early detection of WT failures. This work presents a systematic literature review (SLR) with the aim to assess the use of SCADA data and AI for CM of WTs. To this end, we formulated four research questions as follows: (i) What are the current challenges of WT CM? (ii) What are the WT components to which CM has been applied? (iii) What are the SCADA variables used? and (iv) What AI techniques are currently under research? Further to answering the research questions, we identify the lack of accessible WT SCADA data towards research and the need for its standardization. Our SLR was developed by reviewing more than 95 scientific articles published in the last three years.

ACS Style

Jorge Maldonado-Correa; Sergio Martín-Martínez; Estefania Artigao; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Using SCADA Data for Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies 2020, 13, 3132 .

AMA Style

Jorge Maldonado-Correa, Sergio Martín-Martínez, Estefania Artigao, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Using SCADA Data for Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies. 2020; 13 (12):3132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Maldonado-Correa; Sergio Martín-Martínez; Estefania Artigao; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2020. "Using SCADA Data for Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review." Energies 13, no. 12: 3132.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Expert Systems with Applications
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The aim of this paper is to provide a multi-criteria decision making framework based on the Triple Bottom Line principles and Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector. The proposed framework encompasses the whole energy production supply chain, from raw materials’ suppliers to disposal. In particular, the photovoltaic energy sector has been used as case study and represents the focus of this work. The framework is based on the three Triple Bottom Line dimensions such as social, economic and environmental. Furthermore, literature review and expert opinions are used to identify and assess the sub-criteria for each dimension, followed by pair-wise comparison. Finally, the proposed framework is used to evaluate the seven European countries that conjointly represent the 86.8% of the total photovoltaic installed capacity in Europe, using both logical and quantitative information. Results are in agreement with the photovoltaic development in the period 2000-2017 in these countries. The proposed framework provides the decision makers with a powerful tool for making sustainable investment decisions in the photovoltaic energy sector.

ACS Style

Ernesto Mastrocinque; F. Javier Ramírez; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Duc T. Pham. An AHP-based multi-criteria model for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector. Expert Systems with Applications 2020, 150, 113321 .

AMA Style

Ernesto Mastrocinque, F. Javier Ramírez, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Duc T. Pham. An AHP-based multi-criteria model for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector. Expert Systems with Applications. 2020; 150 ():113321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ernesto Mastrocinque; F. Javier Ramírez; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Duc T. Pham. 2020. "An AHP-based multi-criteria model for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector." Expert Systems with Applications 150, no. : 113321.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2019 in Energies
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Power systems are currently witnessing a high wind-power penetration due to the development and commissioning of an increasing number of wind-power plants. This new scenario inevitably changes the way power systems are operated, mainly due to the uncertainties associated with wind, with the proper integration of this renewable energy source into the grid emerging as a new challenge. Unlike other highly flexible energy sources that can be used on demand according to the market needs, wind energy production is intermittent and non-dispatchable. In this context, transient stability analyses through the dynamic simulation of wind-turbine models and wind-power plants must be carried out. Moreover, as many countries have their own grid codes, the compliance requirements to connect wind farms to the network may be significantly different, depending on the specific region. In light of the above, this paper addresses the submission to Spanish Operation Procedure 12.3 (PO 12.3), for the first time, of one of the most advanced wind-turbine models, the generic Type 3 or doubly fed induction generator defined by the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Second-Generation guidelines. The results show, on the one hand, the notable effect of the transformer inrush current, which influences the accuracy of the behavior of the generic wind-turbine model, and, on the other hand, the inability of the generic model to represent the transient periods of actual wind turbines. However, when the validation criteria is applied at the low-voltage measurement point, the WECC model fully complies with Spanish grid code PO 12.3.

ACS Style

Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Ángel Molina-García; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Submission of a WECC DFIG Wind Turbine Model to Spanish Operation Procedure 12.3. Energies 2019, 12, 3749 .

AMA Style

Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Raquel Villena-Ruiz, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Ángel Molina-García, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Submission of a WECC DFIG Wind Turbine Model to Spanish Operation Procedure 12.3. Energies. 2019; 12 (19):3749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Ángel Molina-García; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2019. "Submission of a WECC DFIG Wind Turbine Model to Spanish Operation Procedure 12.3." Energies 12, no. 19: 3749.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2019 in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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Transient stability analyses are one of the key tools used to ensure grid stability and safeguard security of electricity supply, as well as to comply with different countries grid interconnection agreements. Transmission and distribution system operators require validated wind turbine models to perform these studies. This is becoming increasingly important in current power systems because wind energy penetration is constantly expanding, and its integration has a significant impact on power grid planning and operation. The definition of generic wind turbine models by international standard IEC 61400-27-1, first released in February 2015, aims to deal with this issue. Therefore, since the validation process of the most widely used model defined by this standard and one of the most technically advanced, the generic type 3 wind turbine, i.e., the doubly-fed induction generator, has only been conducted using non-specialised software tools in the field of electrical engineering, the present paper addresses the validation process of this WT when simulated in one of the leading electric power system analysis software tools: DIgSILENT-PowerFactory. The model is subjected to voltage dips of varying magnitude and duration, under both full and partial load conditions. The results are compared to field measurement data according to IEC 61400-27-1 guidelines, and validation errors are estimated.

ACS Style

R. Villena-Ruiz; A. Honrubia-Escribano; J. Fortmann; E. Gómez-Lázaro. Field validation of a standard Type 3 wind turbine model implemented in DIgSILENT-PowerFactory following IEC 61400-27-1 guidelines. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2019, 116, 105553 .

AMA Style

R. Villena-Ruiz, A. Honrubia-Escribano, J. Fortmann, E. Gómez-Lázaro. Field validation of a standard Type 3 wind turbine model implemented in DIgSILENT-PowerFactory following IEC 61400-27-1 guidelines. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2019; 116 ():105553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Villena-Ruiz; A. Honrubia-Escribano; J. Fortmann; E. Gómez-Lázaro. 2019. "Field validation of a standard Type 3 wind turbine model implemented in DIgSILENT-PowerFactory following IEC 61400-27-1 guidelines." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 116, no. : 105553.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2019 in Energies
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The participation of wind power in the energy mix of current power systems is progressively increasing, with variable-speed wind turbines being the leading technology in recent years. In this line, dynamic models of wind turbines able to emulate their response against grid disturbances, such as voltage dips, are required. To address this issue, the International Electronic Commission (IEC) 61400-27-1, published in 2015, defined four generic models of wind turbines for transient stability analysis. To achieve a widespread use of these generic wind turbine models, validations with field data are required. This paper performs the validation of three generic IEC 61400-27-1 variable-speed wind turbine model topologies (type 3A, type 3B and type 4A). The validation is implemented by comparing simulation results with voltage dip measurements performed on six different commercial wind turbines based on field campaigns conducted by three wind turbine manufacturers. Both IEC validation approaches, the play-back and the full system simulation, were implemented. The results show that the generic full-scale converter topology is accurately adjusted to the different real wind turbines and, hence, manufacturers are encouraged to the develop generic IEC models.

ACS Style

Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Jorge Luis Sosa-Avendaño; Pascal Gartmann; Sebastian Frahm; Jens Fortmann; Poul Ejnar Sørensen; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Fault-Ride Trough Validation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 and Type 4 Models of Different Wind Turbine Manufacturers. Energies 2019, 12, 3039 .

AMA Style

Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Jorge Luis Sosa-Avendaño, Pascal Gartmann, Sebastian Frahm, Jens Fortmann, Poul Ejnar Sørensen, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Fault-Ride Trough Validation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 and Type 4 Models of Different Wind Turbine Manufacturers. Energies. 2019; 12 (16):3039.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Jorge Luis Sosa-Avendaño; Pascal Gartmann; Sebastian Frahm; Jens Fortmann; Poul Ejnar Sørensen; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2019. "Fault-Ride Trough Validation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 and Type 4 Models of Different Wind Turbine Manufacturers." Energies 12, no. 16: 3039.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2019 in Energies
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Forecasts for 2023 position wind energy as the third-largest renewable energy source in the world. This rapid growth brings with it the need to conduct transient stability studies to plan network operation activities and analyze the integration of wind power into the grid, where generic wind turbine models have emerged as the optimal solution. In this study, the generic Type 3 wind turbine model developed by Standard IEC 61400-27-1 was submitted to two voltage dips and implemented in two simulation tools: MATLAB/Simulink and DIgSILENT-PowerFactory. Since the Standard states that the responses of the models are independent of the software used, the active and reactive power results of both responses were compared following the IEC validation guidelines, finding, nevertheless, slight differences dependent on the specific features of each simulation software. The behavior of the generic models was assessed, and their responses were also compared with field measurements of an actual wind turbine in operation. Validation errors calculated were comprehensively analyzed, and the differences in the implementation processes of both software tools are highlighted. The outcomes obtained help to further establish the limitations of the generic wind turbine models, thus achieving a more widespread use of Standard IEC 61400-27-1.

ACS Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Alberto Lorenzo-Bonache; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Implementation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 Model: Performance Analysis under Different Modeling Approaches. Energies 2019, 12, 2690 .

AMA Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz, Alberto Lorenzo-Bonache, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Implementation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 Model: Performance Analysis under Different Modeling Approaches. Energies. 2019; 12 (14):2690.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Alberto Lorenzo-Bonache; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2019. "Implementation of IEC 61400-27-1 Type 3 Model: Performance Analysis under Different Modeling Approaches." Energies 12, no. 14: 2690.

Conference paper
Published: 21 May 2019 in Journal of Physics: Conference Series
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Condition-based maintenance (CBM) is currently seen as the preferred approach to optimise operation and maintenance (O&M) strategies by the early detection and diagnosis of critical failures for wind turbines (WT). WT reliability is highly affected by failures of the mechanical components from the drive train, although doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) also contribute to high failure rates and downtime. As DFIG is the dominant technology employed for variable speed WTs, dedicated failure detection and diagnosis techniques are required. Current signature analysis (CSA) has emerged as a powerful tool for this purpose, despite some limitations. In this work, the variability of CSA through time by means of spectra waterfall and the wavelet transform are investigated to overcome these limitations. The analysis of a faulty in-service WT DFIG presented in this work raises the usefulness of the suggested approaches to identify patterns related to failure development through time.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; Elena Gonzalez; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. Analysing Current Signature Data to Diagnose an In-Service Wind Turbine Generator. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, 1222, 012042 .

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, Elena Gonzalez, Andres Honrubia-Escribano, Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. Analysing Current Signature Data to Diagnose an In-Service Wind Turbine Generator. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1222 (1):012042.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; Elena Gonzalez; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. 2019. "Analysing Current Signature Data to Diagnose an In-Service Wind Turbine Generator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1222, no. 1: 012042.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2019 in Energies
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The expansion of wind power around the world poses a new challenge that network operators must overcome, namely the integration of this renewable energy source into the grid. Comprehensive analyses involving time-domain simulations must be carried out to plan network operation and ensure power supply. In light of the above, and with the aim of extending the use of the wind turbine models developed by Standard IEC 61400-27-1 and assessing their performance according to national grid code requirements, an IEC Type 3 wind turbine model has been submitted for the first time to Spanish grid code PO 12.3. Indeed, there is a lack of studies submitting generic wind turbine models to national grid code requirements. The model’s behavior is compared with field measurements of an actual Gamesa G52 machine and with its detailed simulation model. The outcomes obtained have been comprehensively analyzed and the results of the validation criteria highlight that several modeling modifications, in the cases of non-compliance, must be implemented in the IEC-developed Type 3 model in order to comply with PO 12.3. Nevertheless, the results also show that when the transformer inrush current is not considered, the reactive power response of the generic Type 3 WT model meets the validation criteria, thus complying with Spanish PO 12.3.

ACS Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Ángel Molina-García; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Compliance of a Generic Type 3 WT Model with the Spanish Grid Code. Energies 2019, 12, 1631 .

AMA Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz, Francisco Jiménez-Buendía, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano, Ángel Molina-García, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Compliance of a Generic Type 3 WT Model with the Spanish Grid Code. Energies. 2019; 12 (9):1631.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Villena-Ruiz; Francisco Jiménez-Buendía; Andrés Honrubia-Escribano; Ángel Molina-García; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2019. "Compliance of a Generic Type 3 WT Model with the Spanish Grid Code." Energies 12, no. 9: 1631.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2019 in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
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Operation and maintenance costs of wind power plants represent a significant share of the total expenditure of a wind farm project. It is therefore vital to optimise maintenance activities in order to reduce costs while improving wind turbine reliability and availability. The induction generator is a major contributor to failure rates and downtime of wind turbines, where doubly-fed induction generators are the dominant variable-speed technology employed. Actual data from operating wind turbines is seldom presented in the scientific literature. This paper analyses two in-service doubly-fed induction generators from wind turbines operating in a Spanish wind power plant. One of the generators under study reported excessive temperature on the rotor windings, while the other did not. In order to achieve a diagnosis for the reported excess of temperature, current signature analyses were performed on both machines. Fault-related frequency components were identified in the current spectra of the faulty machine, and were compared against the healthy one. A diagnosis was achieved for the faulty machine: dynamic eccentricity caused by a rotor fault was identified as the cause of the excessive temperature in the rotor windings.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. In-Service Wind Turbine DFIG Diagnosis Using Current Signature Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2019, 67, 2262 -2271.

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, Andres Honrubia-Escribano, Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. In-Service Wind Turbine DFIG Diagnosis Using Current Signature Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2019; 67 (3):2262-2271.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. 2019. "In-Service Wind Turbine DFIG Diagnosis Using Current Signature Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 3: 2262-2271.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in IEEE Access
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Wind power plants are becoming a generally accepted resource in the generation mix of many utilities. At the same time, the size and the power rating of individual wind turbines have increased considerably. Under these circumstances, the sector is increasingly demanding an accurate characterization of vertical wind speed profiles to estimate properly the incoming wind speed at the rotor swept area and, consequently, assess the potential for a wind power plant site. The present paper describes a shape-based clustering characterization and visualization of real vertical wind speed data. The proposed solution allows us to identify the most likely vertical wind speed patterns for a specific location based on real wind speed measurements. Moreover, this clustering approach also provides characterization and classification of such vertical wind profiles. This solution is highly suitable for a large amount of data collected by remote sensing equipment, where wind speed values at different heights within the rotor swept area are available for subsequent analysis. The methodology is based on z-normalization, shape-based distance metric solution and the Ward-hierarchical clustering method. Real vertical wind speed profile data corresponding to a Spanish wind power plant and collected by using a commercialWindcube equipment during several months are used to assess the proposed characterization and clustering process, involving more than 100000 wind speed data values. All analyses have been implemented using open-source R-software. From the results, at least four different vertical wind speed patterns are identified to characterize properly over 90% of the collected wind speed data along the day. Therefore, alternative analytical function criteria should be subsequently proposed for vertical wind speed characterization purposes.

ACS Style

Angel Molina-Garcia; Ana Fernandez-Guillamon; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Maria C. Bueso. Vertical Wind Profile Characterization and Identification of Patterns Based on a Shape Clustering Algorithm. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 30890 -30904.

AMA Style

Angel Molina-Garcia, Ana Fernandez-Guillamon, Emilio Gomez-Lazaro, Andres Honrubia-Escribano, Maria C. Bueso. Vertical Wind Profile Characterization and Identification of Patterns Based on a Shape Clustering Algorithm. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 (99):30890-30904.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angel Molina-Garcia; Ana Fernandez-Guillamon; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Maria C. Bueso. 2019. "Vertical Wind Profile Characterization and Identification of Patterns Based on a Shape Clustering Algorithm." IEEE Access 7, no. 99: 30890-30904.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2019 in IEEE Access
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While wind turbine (WT) power capacities continue to increase and new offshore developments are being deployed, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs continue to rise, becoming the center of attention in the wind energy sector. The electric generator is among the top three contributors to failure rates and downtime of WTs, where the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is the dominant technology among variable speed WTs. Thus, early detection of generator faults, which can be achieved through predictive maintenance, is vital in order to reduce O&M costs. The goal of the present work is to analyze a long-term monitoring campaign of an in-service WT equipped with a DFIG. A novel method named Harmonic Order Tracking Analysis (HOTA) is used with two main objectives: first, to facilitate the data interpretation for non-trained maintenance personnel; and second, to reduce the amount of data that must be stored and transferred for the diagnosis of the DFIG. This method is applied and validated for the first time on an operating WT.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; Angel Sapena-Bano; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Javier Martinez-Roman; Ruben Puche-Panadero; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. Long-Term Operational Data Analysis of an In-Service Wind Turbine DFIG. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 17896 -17906.

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, Angel Sapena-Bano, Andres Honrubia-Escribano, Javier Martinez-Roman, Ruben Puche-Panadero, Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. Long-Term Operational Data Analysis of an In-Service Wind Turbine DFIG. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 (99):17896-17906.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; Angel Sapena-Bano; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Javier Martinez-Roman; Ruben Puche-Panadero; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro. 2019. "Long-Term Operational Data Analysis of an In-Service Wind Turbine DFIG." IEEE Access 7, no. 99: 17896-17906.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2019 in Energy Conversion and Management
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This work presents a comprehensive study of the performance of six large photovoltaic (PV) power plants with different mounting topologies over several years of operation. This is a marked contrast to most available performance studies which focus on the study of a single installation of low rated power and one mounting type. The performance results are obtained following the guidelines of Standard IEC 61724 and largely coincide with those expected considering the plants’ location in the South-Central Region of Spain, with a total system efficiency ranging between 10% and 12%. Moreover, some performance trends are identified and associated with mounting system, size and location. Finally, it is concluded that the added complexity of dual-axis tracking systems in the operation and maintenance was underestimated in the design phase of the PV power plants. Wind speed has emerged as a key parameter, not only due to the cooling effect on the PV panels but also as a result of its impact on the availability of energy generation.

ACS Style

S. Martín-Martínez; M. Cañas-Carretón; A. Honrubia-Escribano; E. Gómez-Lázaro. Performance evaluation of large solar photovoltaic power plants in Spain. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 183, 515 -528.

AMA Style

S. Martín-Martínez, M. Cañas-Carretón, A. Honrubia-Escribano, E. Gómez-Lázaro. Performance evaluation of large solar photovoltaic power plants in Spain. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019; 183 ():515-528.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Martín-Martínez; M. Cañas-Carretón; A. Honrubia-Escribano; E. Gómez-Lázaro. 2019. "Performance evaluation of large solar photovoltaic power plants in Spain." Energy Conversion and Management 183, no. : 515-528.

Journal article
Published: 10 October 2018 in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
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The generic wind turbine models developed in recent years by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Western Electricity Coordinated Council (WECC) are intended to meet the needs of public, standard, and relatively simple (small number of parameters and computational requirements) wind turbine and wind farm models used to conduct transient stability analysis. Moreover, the full-scale converter (FSC) wind turbine technology referred to as Type 4 by IEC and WECC, is increasingly used in current power systems due to its control benefits. Hence, the development of this generic model has become a priority. This study presents the validation of two generic Type 4 wind turbine models, which have been developed in accordance with the IEC and WECC guidelines, respectively. Field data collected from a real wind turbine located in a Spanish wind farm was used to validate both generic Type 4 wind turbine models following the IEC validation guidelines. Ten different test cases are considered, varying not only the depth and duration of the faults but also the load of the wind turbine. The parameters of the models were kept constant for all the simulation cases, aiming to evaluate the accuracy of the models when facing different voltage dips.

ACS Style

Alberto Lorenzo-Bonache; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jimenez-Buendia; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro; Francisco Jimenez. Field Validation of Generic Type 4 Wind Turbine Models Based on IEC and WECC Guidelines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2018, 34, 933 -941.

AMA Style

Alberto Lorenzo-Bonache, Andres Honrubia-Escribano, Francisco Jimenez-Buendia, Emilio Gomez-Lazaro, Francisco Jimenez. Field Validation of Generic Type 4 Wind Turbine Models Based on IEC and WECC Guidelines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2018; 34 (2):933-941.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Lorenzo-Bonache; Andres Honrubia-Escribano; Francisco Jimenez-Buendia; Emilio Gomez-Lazaro; Francisco Jimenez. 2018. "Field Validation of Generic Type 4 Wind Turbine Models Based on IEC and WECC Guidelines." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 34, no. 2: 933-941.

Review article
Published: 18 July 2018 in Applied Energy
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The current work presents a review of wind turbine reliability studies. Thirteen reliability studies were identified in the scientific literature, highlighting the lack of public reliability data. We present the differences across the studies, with great effort being made to unify the various studies to obtain comparable results. To this end, we have endeavoured to develop a wind turbine taxonomy that is common across the different studies, formed by thirteen assemblies, and the failure rates and downtimes from each study have been normalised. The results establish differences between the least reliable assemblies, categorised as critical, and the most reliable ones. Small differences emerge between onshore and offshore locations, and between studies on European wind farms and others in the U.S. and China. The influence on the total failures and downtime of the most recent studies is evaluated against older studies. These results will contribute to elucidate the right direction for condition monitoring design and development, and therefore to improve reliability and availability of wind turbines.

ACS Style

Estefania Artigao; Sergio Martín Martínez; Andrés Honrubia Escribano; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Wind turbine reliability: A comprehensive review towards effective condition monitoring development. Applied Energy 2018, 228, 1569 -1583.

AMA Style

Estefania Artigao, Sergio Martín Martínez, Andrés Honrubia Escribano, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. Wind turbine reliability: A comprehensive review towards effective condition monitoring development. Applied Energy. 2018; 228 ():1569-1583.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estefania Artigao; Sergio Martín Martínez; Andrés Honrubia Escribano; Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. 2018. "Wind turbine reliability: A comprehensive review towards effective condition monitoring development." Applied Energy 228, no. : 1569-1583.