Symmetry is presented in many works involving differential and integral equations. Whenever a human is involved in the design of an integral equation, they naturally tend to opt for symmetric features. The most common examples are the Green functions and linguistic kernels that are often designed symmetrically and regularly distributed over the universe of discourse. In the current study, the authors report a study on boundary value problem (BVP) for a nonlinear integro Volterra–Fredholm integral equation with variable coefficients and show the existence of solution by applying some fixed-point theorems. The authors employ various numerical common approaches as the homotopy analysis methodology established by Liao and the modified Adomain decomposition technique to produce a numerical approximate solution, then graphical depiction reveals that both methods are most effective and convenient. In this regard, the authors address the requirements that ensure the existence and uniqueness of the solution for various variations of nonlinearity power. The authors also show numerical examples of how to apply our primary theorems and test the convergence and validity of our suggested approach.

The biological system relies heavily on the interaction between prey and predator. Infections may spread from prey to predators or vice versa. This study proposes a virus-controlled prey-predator system with a Crowley–Martin functional response in the prey and an SI-type in the prey. A prey-predator model in which the predator uses both susceptible and sick prey is used to investigate the influence of harvesting parameters on the formation of dynamical fluctuations and stability at the interior equilibrium point. In the analytical section, we outlined the current circumstances for all possible equilibria. The stability of the system has also been explored, and the required conditions for the model’s stability at the equilibrium point have been found. In addition, we give numerical verification for our analytical findings with the help of graphical illustrations.

One of the most important generalized inverses is the Drazin inverse, which is defined for square matrices having an index. The objective of this work is to investigate and present a computational tool in the form of an iterative method for computing this task. This scheme reaches the seventh rate of convergence as long as a suitable initial matrix is chosen and by employing only five matrix products per cycle. After some analytical discussions, several tests are provided to show the efficiency of the presented formulation.

This paper studies the solvability of boundary value problems for a nonlinear integro-differential equation. Converting the problem to an equivalent nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equation (NVFIE) is driven by using a suitable transformation. To investigate the existence and uniqueness of continuous solutions for the NVFIE under certain given conditions, the Krasnoselskii fixed point theorem and Banach contraction principle have been used. Finally, we numerically solve the NVFIE and study the rate of convergence using methods based on applying the modified Adomian decomposition method, and Liao's homotopy analysis method. As applications, some examples are provided to support our work.