A high-energy self-powered sensing platform for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins is developed based on enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) by using DNA bioconjugate assisted signal amplification. A nitrogen doped ultra-thin carbon shell/gold nanoparticle (N-UHCS/AuNPs) composite was prepared and applied as an electrode supporting substrate to improve the enzyme load. The biocathode of the self-powered sensor is constructed through the step-by-step modification of N-UHCS/AuNPs and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) on carbon paper (CP). To fabricate the bioanode, SiO₂ nanospheres@AuNPs–aptamer (SiO₂@AuNPs–ssDNA) bioconjugates were prepared and modified on CP. When there is a target protein, the aptamer recognizes it and causes the SiO2@AuNPs–ssDNA bioconjugate to fall off the bioanode, resulting in a significant increase in the open circuit voltage (E^OCV) of the sensing device. Under optimal conditions, the developed biosensor shows a wide linear range of 0.1–2000 ng mL⁻¹ with a low detection limit of 21.5 pg mL⁻¹ (S/N = 3). This work shows an effective assay for the sensitive detection of biomolecules by coupling EBFCs, DNA bioconjugates and the biosensing characteristics of smart nanostructures.

Mineral dust is of great importance to climate change, air quality, and human health. In this study, multisource data, including the reanalysis data and remote sensing data, were used to compare the three dust events that occurred in the March of 2021 over Beijing and reveal the effects of atmospheric vertical structure on near-surface dust concentration. The combined effect of the Mongolian cyclone and a wide persistent cold-front induced two events (E1: from March 15 to 16 and E3: from March 28 to 29). E1 was more intense, more extensive, and longer-lasting than E3 due to the combination of the stronger Mongolian cyclone, slower high/cold surface pressure, and the low-level jet. However, under the appropriate configurations of temperature and pressure fields between high and low altitudes, weak updrafts were still induced and could elevate dust up to 850 hPa, as occurred during E2 on March 22 and 23. The dust emission was inferior to E1 and E3, which contributes to the low dust concentration near the surface in E2. On the other hand, the downdraft strength directly affected both the vertical distribution of dust and the concentration of surface particles. There was a strong temporal consistency between the occurrence of the downdraft and the dust touchdown. In E1, the continuous strong downdraft caused the maximum dust concentration to be above 4000 μg/m³ at around 200 m. In contrast, the maximum height of the dust mass concentration in E3 occurred at about 800 m due to the transient downdraft, which weakened its effect on surface visibility. Besides, the weak vertical motion in E2 caused most of the dust to become suspended in the air. Overall, the large dust emission resulted from active updrafts in the source region, and the lengthy strong downdrafts led to the ultrahigh particle concentration near the surface.