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Nelson Mango
Social Scientist, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), P.O. Box MP 228 Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

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Journal article
Published: 25 February 2020 in Sustainable Futures
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This study concerns the potential impact of the adoption of soil and water conservation technologies on household food security. Our analysis is based on a sample of 312 households in the Chinyanja Triangle using questionnaires. We use Propensity Score Matching to estimate treatment effects of adoption. Results show that the adoption of conservation technologies has significant impact on cereal consumption. The Average Treatment effect on the Treated, based on three matching algorithms, ranges from 222.18 to 320.95 kgs of cereal consumed per year. The results imply that efforts to improve the adoption of these technologies could contribute to food security.

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Impact of the adoption of conservation practices on cereal consumption in a maize-based farming system in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Sustainable Futures 2020, 2, 100014 .

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Impact of the adoption of conservation practices on cereal consumption in a maize-based farming system in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Sustainable Futures. 2020; 2 ():100014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2020. "Impact of the adoption of conservation practices on cereal consumption in a maize-based farming system in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." Sustainable Futures 2, no. : 100014.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2019 in Environmental Development
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Institutional credit and extension services are critical inputs that can reduce scaling challenges in agricultural development interventions if accessed by farmers. Using household level survey data from Zimbabwe and Malawi, this article seeks to contribute to the existing literature by examining impacts of separate and joint access to credit and extension services on climate-smart agricultural (CSA) technologies adoption. Using inverse-probability weighting regression adjustment and propensity score matching this study found out that access to either extension or credit significantly progresses CSA technology adoption. However, access to extension services only proved to be more effective in enhancing CSA technology adoption than access to credit alone. More importantly, results show enhanced collective impact of simultaneous access to credit and extension on CSA technology adoption. Further, joint impacts of credit and extension on adoption were found to be less pronounced in youthful and women farmer groups compared to their old and male farmer group counterparts respectively. Results call for prudent policy and institutional strategies in improving access to credit and extension services in Malawian and Zimbabwean smallholder farming that are mindful of disadvantaged groups such as youth and women farmer groups in order to improve adoption and upscaling of CSA technologies. Possible options include; improving number of extension workers at village level, increasing youth and women extension agent numbers, capacity building of extension personnel and institutions, and increasing financial support to national extension programs.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Munyaradzi Mutenje; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa. Environmental Development 2019, 32, 100458 .

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Munyaradzi Mutenje, Nelson Mango, Shephard Siziba. Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa. Environmental Development. 2019; 32 ():100458.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Munyaradzi Mutenje; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. 2019. "Synergistic impacts of agricultural credit and extension on adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in southern Africa." Environmental Development 32, no. : 100458.

Original paper
Published: 22 July 2019 in Food Security
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This paper concerns Drought-Tolerant Maize (DTM) and Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices that were introduced into smallholder maize-based farming systems in Zimbabwe to enhance the productivity of maize and food security under a changing climate. Although these technologies are technically appropriate, there are difficulties with their use by smallholder farmers of relatively low socio-economic status, as measured through ownership of farm or household assets and endowments. Thus, we sought to quantify and explain wealth-related inequalities in the adoption of DTM and CA in smallholder farming communities and discuss their implications for food security. The analysis used cross-sectional household-level data gathered from 601 smallholder farmers from four districts in Zimbabwe. We found evidence of a pro-rich distribution of inequalities in the adoption of DTM and CA that were mostly explained by differences in household wealth, access to agricultural extension services and size of farm land. No meaningful differences in DTM adoption disparities were found across districts. Significant gender differences were observed for CA, and meaningful differences by district were noted. Results suggest the need for decision makers to consider implementing policies that focus on the poorer segments of the farming society to alleviate differences in the adoption of such agricultural technologies. For example, subsidizing the uptake of improved maize varieties including DTM and prioritizing equitable land distribution, coupled with specialised extension services for the poor in a cereal-based CA farming system, could reduce the observed gap between rich and poor in the uptake of these innovations and consequently improve food security.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Wealth-related inequalities in adoption of drought-tolerant maize and conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe. Food Security 2019, 11, 881 -896.

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Wealth-related inequalities in adoption of drought-tolerant maize and conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe. Food Security. 2019; 11 (4):881-896.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2019. "Wealth-related inequalities in adoption of drought-tolerant maize and conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe." Food Security 11, no. 4: 881-896.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Conservation agriculture, drought tolerant maize, and improved legume varieties are key climate change management strategies for smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Their complementary efforts in adaptation to climate change are sternly important for farm productivity and income. This study evaluates factors explaining individual and multiple adoption of climate change management strategies and their differential impacts on productivity and income using a sample of 1172 smallholder farmers from Malawi and Zimbabwe. The study employs multinomial logistic regression to evaluate factors of individual and multiple adoption and regression adjustment with inverse probability weighting to evaluate impacts of the different adoption regimes on farm productivity and income. The results show that multiple adoption of innovations is mostly explained by access to key resources (credit, income and information), level of education and size of land owned by the farmer. More so, the concurrent adoption of conservation agriculture, stress adapted legume varieties and drought tolerant maize has far greater dividends on productivity and income than when considered individually. However, impacts of multiple adoption of the practices are not entirely uniform across different geographic regions and gender. Results suggest that effective institutional and policy efforts targeted towards reducing resource constraints that inhibit farmers' capacity to adopt complementary climate-smart agriculture packages such as conservation agriculture, drought tolerant maize and improved legume varieties must be gender sensitive and context specific.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 231, 858 -868.

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango, Shephard Siziba. Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 231 ():858-868.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba. 2018. "Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa." Journal of Environmental Management 231, no. : 858-868.

Original articles
Published: 16 April 2018 in African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development
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This paper investigates the factors that are associated with market participation and choice of marketing channels by smallholder groundnut farmers in a semi-arid district of Zimbabwe. It contributes to the existing body of knowledge on groundnuts, especially the marketing aspect. Data was derived from a literature review and a cross-sectional household baseline survey. We applied simple logistic regression framework to determine the factors associated with market participation and choice of marketing channel. Our study findings show that land size, access to transport information, distance to the nearest town, age and education of the household head are among the important factors influencing the decision to participate or not to participate in selling of groundnuts. Choice of a particular marketing channel is influenced by distance to the nearest town, education level of the farmer, access to remittances, and market information. In conclusion. these findings suggest that an adjustment in each of these significant variables can influence the probability of market participation and an informed choice of marketing channels. In terms of policy, this implies that technological changes, infrastructural improvements, agricultural institutional developments, and capacity building of smallholder farmers can help to improve farmers’ market participation and informed market channel choice.

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Nicola Francesconi; Matthias Jäger; Mark Lundy. Determinants of market participation and marketing channels in smallholder groundnut farming: A case of Mudzi district, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 2018, 10, 311 -321.

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Nicola Francesconi, Matthias Jäger, Mark Lundy. Determinants of market participation and marketing channels in smallholder groundnut farming: A case of Mudzi district, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 2018; 10 (3):311-321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Nicola Francesconi; Matthias Jäger; Mark Lundy. 2018. "Determinants of market participation and marketing channels in smallholder groundnut farming: A case of Mudzi district, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 10, no. 3: 311-321.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2018 in Land
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This article is concerned with the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on household income in the Chinyanja Triangle. Chinyanja Triangle is a region that is increasingly experiencing mid-season dry spells and an increase in occurrence of drought, which is attributed largely to climate variability and change. This poses high agricultural production risks, which aggravate poverty and food insecurity. For this region, adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice is very important. Through a binary logistic and ordinary least squares regression, this article determines factors that influence the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on income among smallholder farmers. The results show that off-farm employment, access to irrigation equipment, access to reliable water sources and awareness of water conservation practices, such as rainwater harvesting, have a significant influence on the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming. On the other hand, the farmer’s age, distance travelled to the nearest market and nature of employment negatively influence the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming decisions. Ordinary least squares regression results showed that the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice has a significant positive influence on agricultural income. We therefore conclude that to empower smallholder farmers to respond quickly to climate variability and change, practices that will enhance the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming in the Chinyanja Triangle are critical, as this will significantly affect agricultural income. In terms of policy, we recommend that the governments of Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, which cover the Chinyanja Triangle, formulate policies that will enhance the adoption of sustainable small scale-irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice. This will go a long way in mitigating the adverse effects that accompany climate variability and change in the region.

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Land 2018, 7, 49 .

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Land. 2018; 7 (2):49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2018. "Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." Land 7, no. 2: 49.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2018 in Agriculture & Food Security
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This paper concerns the role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. In this country, the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming and rain-fed food production systems that are facing increasing challenges from land degradation and declining soil fertility. Maize is the staple food crop, and as such, the majority of farmers grow it regardless of land suitability. This has led to what scientists have labeled as “maize poverty trap.” In the event of prolonged drought, maize fails thus leaving farmers food insecure. However, research in Sub-Saharan Africa has shown that crop diversification provides smallholder farmers with a diversity of diet, improves their income, and nutrition security. Due to increased cases of malnutrition and food insecurity, in the wake of climate change, government of Malawi has in the past few years intensified extension efforts for crop diversification. The study is based on a sample of 271 randomly selected smallholder farming households from central Malawi. It investigates the influence of crop diversification and other household socioeconomic characteristics on the household Food Consumption Score and Household Food Insecurity Access Score. In our analysis, we rely heavily on a combination of ordinary least squares techniques and some descriptive statistics. Our results show that crop diversification, cattle ownership, access to credit and attaining of education have a positive and significant effect on the household Food Consumption Score. Precisely, crop diversification, cattle ownership and access to credit are all significant at 5% level, while education is significant at 10%. In addition, crop diversification and attaining of formal education by household head were found to have a negative and significant effect on Household Food Insecurity Access Score and were all significant at 1% level. Based on our study findings, we conclude that crop diversification is one viable option in smallholder farming that can ensure establishment of resilient agricultural systems that can contribute significantly to household food security. In terms of policy, the results imply that the current efforts by government of Malawi to intensify promotion of crop diversification should remain a priority policy direction due to the continued malnutrition and food insecurity threat. This is particularly so in this era of climate variability that poses an extra burden to farmers.

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lawrence Mapemba; Mathinda Sopo. The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security 2018, 7, 7 .

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lawrence Mapemba, Mathinda Sopo. The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security. 2018; 7 (1):7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lawrence Mapemba; Mathinda Sopo. 2018. "The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi." Agriculture & Food Security 7, no. 1: 7.

Preprint
Published: 01 February 2018
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This article concerns the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on household income in the Chinyanja Triangle. Chinyanja Triangle is a region that experiences mid-season dry spells and an increase in occurrences of drought due to low and erratic rainfall patterns which is attributed largely to climate variability and change. This poses high agricultural production risks, which aggravate poverty and food insecurity. For this region, adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice is very important. Through a binary logistic and ordinary least squares regression, the article determines factors that influence the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice and its influence on income among smallholder farmers. The results show that off-farm employment, access to irrigation equipment, access to reliable water sources and awareness of water conservation practices, such as rainwater harvesting have a significant influence on the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming. On the other hand, the farmer’s age, distance travelled to the nearest market and nature of employment negatively influenced the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming decisions. Ordinary least squares regression results showed that the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice has a significant positive influence on agricultural income. We therefore conclude that to empower smallholder farmers to quickly respond to climate variability and change, practices that will enhance adoption of small-scale irrigation farming in the Chinyanja Triangle are critical as this will significantly impact on agricultural income.

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2018. "Adoption of Small-Scale Irrigation Farming as a Climate-Smart Agriculture Practice and Its Influence on Household Income in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2018 in International Journal of Social Economics
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Purpose Improving the adoption rates of proven innovative practices in bean farming and their impacts on livelihoods requires persistent promotion of practices, complemented by rigorous socioeconomic analysis that recognises the diversity of smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to typify farm households in Angonia district of Mozambique, based on their socioeconomic characteristics prompting the adoption of proven innovative practices in bean production, management, and marketing. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a multivariate statistical analysis approach that combines principal component analysis, and cluster analysis to clearly identify five distinctive farm household types with respect to the adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming using socio-economic factors. Findings The study findings show that various socioeconomic factors define clusters and can be associated with the adoption and use of innovative practices in smallholder bean farming. The five farm types identified are: female landowners with small farm sizes (29.52 per cent); educated farmers with access to credit (6.63 per cent); relatively rich male land owners with large farm sizes and low education (8.73 per cent); youthful, inexperienced and poor male farmers (6.33 per cent); and experienced female farmers with high labour endowments (8.43 per cent). The respective farm types seemed to have different patterns in the adoption of proven innovative practices in bean farming. Originality/value The authors recommend that policy makers promote strategies meant to raise adoption of innovative practices in bean production, management and marketing in Mozambique that takes into account household diversity. The farm types identified by this study can be a good starting point for guiding such future efforts.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique. International Journal of Social Economics 2018, 45, 140 -157.

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique. International Journal of Social Economics. 2018; 45 (1):140-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2018. "Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1: 140-157.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2017 in Agriculture & Food Security
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ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Nelson Mango. Diversity amongst farm households and achievements from multi-stakeholder innovation platform approach: lessons from Balaka Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security 2017, 6, 107 .

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Nelson Mango. Diversity amongst farm households and achievements from multi-stakeholder innovation platform approach: lessons from Balaka Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security. 2017; 6 (1):107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Nelson Mango. 2017. "Diversity amongst farm households and achievements from multi-stakeholder innovation platform approach: lessons from Balaka Malawi." Agriculture & Food Security 6, no. 1: 107.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in International Soil and Water Conservation Research
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The promotion of land, soil and water conservation measures has been a widespread development in sub-Saharan Africa in a bid to tackle degradation and improve productivity. As a result, several governments have launched various campaigns on soil, land and water conservation measures. The aim of this study is to determine some of the factors that influence farmers’ awareness (knowledge) and adoption of land, soil and water conservation practices. Data for this study was collected from 312 households using a questionnaire survey in the Chinyanja Triangle of Southern Africa. The study sites were sampled from Tete province of Mozambique, central and southern regions of Malawi and eastern Province of Zambia. We used t-tests to classify adopters and non-adopters of soil, land and water conservation measures and binomial logit models to identify the factors that influence farmers’ knowledge of conservation measures and adoption of land productivity practices. The results show that the household head's age, education, agricultural advice reception and farmer group membership are critical in raising awareness. While the household head's age, education, agricultural advice reception, farmer group membership, pieces of land owned or used in production and land-to-man ratio influenced adoption decisions. The study, therefore, concludes that in order to improve land productivity in the Chinyanja Triangle, there is a need to consider farmers’ heterogeneity in terms of household head's age, level of education, extension services outreach, and socio-economic characteristics. This suggests that governments’ policies in the region should be aimed at improving farmers’ level of education, extension delivery that will target the elderly and the youth, land ownership, credit access, and social capital such as group formation

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. Awareness and adoption of land, soil and water conservation practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2017, 5, 122 -129.

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Clifton Makate, Lulseged Tamene, Powell Mponela, Gift Ndengu. Awareness and adoption of land, soil and water conservation practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. International Soil and Water Conservation Research. 2017; 5 (2):122-129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Clifton Makate; Lulseged Tamene; Powell Mponela; Gift Ndengu. 2017. "Awareness and adoption of land, soil and water conservation practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 5, no. 2: 122-129.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2017 in Agriculture & Food Security
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Background In southern Africa, conservation agriculture (CA) has received a lot of research and promotional support from various organizations in the past decades. Conservation agriculture is largely promoted as one of the few win–win technologies affordable to farmers, in the sense that potentially it improves farmers’ yields (in the long term) at the same time conserving the environment. This is because conservation agriculture reduces nitrogen loss in the soil, promotes water and soil conservation and improves agronomic use efficiency of applied nutrients. However, some concerns have been raised over the feasibility of conservation agriculture on smallholder farms given constraints imposed by the biophysical and institutional realities under which smallholder farmers operate. The main aim of this study is to answer the question whether conservation agriculture is resulting in tangible livelihood outcomes to smallholder farmers. The counterfactual outcome approach was used to estimate ex post impact of conservation agriculture adoption on one of the key livelihood outcomes—food security. Results The study that utilized a data set covering 1623 households in Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique found no significant impact of conservation agriculture adoption on Food Consumption Score of farmers in Zimbabwe and Malawi. Possible reasons for the insignificant of CA impact on food security in Zimbabwe and Malawi could include the small land areas currently devoted to CA, and the failure to implement the full complement of practices necessary to set off the biophysical process that are expected to drive yield increases. In Mozambique, conservation agriculture significantly improved the Food Consumption Score for farmers exposed to the technology. A possible reason for effectiveness of CA in Mozambique could be due to the fact that often CA is being promoted together with other better cropping management practices such as timely weeding and improved seed varieties, which are poorly practiced by the generality of farmers in a country just emerging from a war period. Conclusion This paper provides one of the few ex post assessments of the impact of conservation agriculture adoption on household livelihood outcomes—food security. Given the mixed findings, the study suggests that conservation agriculture farmers in the three countries need to be supported to adopt a value chain approach to conservation agriculture. This entails the introduction of commercial or high-value crops in the conservation agriculture programmes, value addition on farmers produce, access to the necessary support services such as markets for seed, fertilizer, herbicides and equipment as well as reliable extension. We believe that under such circumstances conservation agriculture can effectively reduce food insecurity and poverty in the medium to long term. Keywords Conservation agriculture Impact assessment Adoption Household food security Southern Africa

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba; Clifton Makate. The impact of adoption of conservation agriculture on smallholder farmers’ food security in semi-arid zones of southern Africa. Agriculture & Food Security 2017, 6, 42 .

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Shephard Siziba, Clifton Makate. The impact of adoption of conservation agriculture on smallholder farmers’ food security in semi-arid zones of southern Africa. Agriculture & Food Security. 2017; 6 (1):42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Shephard Siziba; Clifton Makate. 2017. "The impact of adoption of conservation agriculture on smallholder farmers’ food security in semi-arid zones of southern Africa." Agriculture & Food Security 6, no. 1: 42.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2017 in Social Sciences
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In developing regions with high levels of poverty and a dependence on climate sensitive agriculture, studies focusing on climate change adaptation, planning, and policy processes, have gained relative importance over the years. This study assesses the impact of farmer perceptions regarding climate change on the use of sustainable agricultural practices as an adaptation strategy in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. In this empirical approach, we adopt methods that account for the plausibility that unmeasured characteristics exist, which are correlated with perceptions and the adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices. We use a unique and representative dataset collected in December 2012 and June 2013, from smallholder farmers in the Chinyanja Triangle. The results indicate that farmer’s perceptions significantly influence the use of sustainable agricultural practices. Specifically, we established that farmer perceptions considerably impact the use of grain legume rotations, inorganic fertilizers, compost, and farmyard manure. Our results highlight the need for a serious and perhaps equal consideration of farmer perceptions regarding climate change, as important inputs to climate change adaptation policies targeted at enhancing climatic resilience in smallholder farming communities. This is plausible as the adaptation and pliability of farmers to the effects of climate change should be a social process involving the collective efforts from various stakeholders.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions on Climate Change and the Use of Sustainable Agricultural Practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Social Sciences 2017, 6, 30 .

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions on Climate Change and the Use of Sustainable Agricultural Practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa. Social Sciences. 2017; 6 (1):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2017. "Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions on Climate Change and the Use of Sustainable Agricultural Practices in the Chinyanja Triangle, Southern Africa." Social Sciences 6, no. 1: 30.

Articles
Published: 02 January 2017 in Agrekon
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Increased frequency of droughts (especially mid-season dry spells), higher than normal temperatures and altered patterns of precipitation and intensity are some of the extreme weather events evident in southern Africa. These extreme weather events present a threat to livelihoods and sustainability of agricultural production in the region. However, several climate-smart agricultural technologies (including drought-tolerant maize) believed to offer adaptation to climate variability in maize-based farming systems have been widely adopted. Moreover, empirical work on these technologies is limited. This paper demonstrates how by adopting drought-tolerant maize, a climate-smart agricultural technology impacts on the quantities of maize produced, sold and consumed in Zimbabwe. Using primary data on smallholder farmers collected in 2011 in Zimbabwe’s four districts, we employed propensity score matching techniques to construct a suitable comparison group and calculate the average treatment effect on the treated sample. We find that, the adoption of drought-tolerant maize (DTM) in rural Zimbabwe significantly enhances overall maize productivity and consequently the quantities set aside for sale and personal household consumption. Our study therefore suggests that, systematic expansion of climate-smart agricultural technologies such as adoption of drought-tolerant maize can significantly improve maize yields, sales and consumption in rural Zimbabwe. Our empirical results, robust to sensitivity checks, strongly point to the overall importance of DTM adoption in Zimbabwe. The findings from this paper also have very important implications for overall efforts on the promotion of climate-smart agriculture technologies in Africa and other developing countries.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Rongchang Wang; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Impact of drought tolerant maize adoption on maize productivity, sales and consumption in rural Zimbabwe. Agrekon 2017, 56, 67 -81.

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Rongchang Wang, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Impact of drought tolerant maize adoption on maize productivity, sales and consumption in rural Zimbabwe. Agrekon. 2017; 56 (1):67-81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Rongchang Wang; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2017. "Impact of drought tolerant maize adoption on maize productivity, sales and consumption in rural Zimbabwe." Agrekon 56, no. 1: 67-81.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2016 in SpringerPlus
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This paper demonstrates how crop diversification impacts on two outcomes of climate smart agriculture; increased productivity (legume and cereal crop productivity) and enhanced resilience (household income, food security, and nutrition) in rural Zimbabwe. Using data from over 500 smallholder farmers, we jointly estimate crop diversification and each of the outcome variables within a conditional (recursive) mixed process framework that corrects for selectivity bias arising due to the voluntary nature of crop diversification. We find that crop diversification depends on the land size, farming experience, asset wealth, location, access to agricultural extension services, information on output prices, low transportation costs and general information access. Our results also indicate that an increase in the rate of adoption improves crop productivity, income, food security and nutrition at household level. Overall, our results are indicative of the importance of crop diversification as a viable climate smart agriculture practice that significantly enhances crop productivity and consequently resilience in rural smallholder farming systems. We, therefore, recommend wider adoption of diversified cropping systems notably those currently less diversified for greater adaptation to the ever-changing climate.

ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Rongchang Wang; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change. SpringerPlus 2016, 5, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Rongchang Wang, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango. Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change. SpringerPlus. 2016; 5 (1):1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Rongchang Wang; Marshall Makate; Nelson Mango. 2016. "Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change." SpringerPlus 5, no. 1: 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2016 in Development Southern Africa
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ACS Style

Clifton Makate; Shephard Siziba; Benjamin T. Hanyani-Mlambo; Zvakanyorwa Sadomba; Nelson Mango. The efficiency of small and medium enterprises in informal metal manufacturing in Zimbabwe: Implications for stakeholders in the agricultural sector. Development Southern Africa 2016, 33, 247 -257.

AMA Style

Clifton Makate, Shephard Siziba, Benjamin T. Hanyani-Mlambo, Zvakanyorwa Sadomba, Nelson Mango. The efficiency of small and medium enterprises in informal metal manufacturing in Zimbabwe: Implications for stakeholders in the agricultural sector. Development Southern Africa. 2016; 33 (2):247-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clifton Makate; Shephard Siziba; Benjamin T. Hanyani-Mlambo; Zvakanyorwa Sadomba; Nelson Mango. 2016. "The efficiency of small and medium enterprises in informal metal manufacturing in Zimbabwe: Implications for stakeholders in the agricultural sector." Development Southern Africa 33, no. 2: 247-257.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2015 in Agronomy Journal
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Crop water productivity is often regarded as indicating the water use efficiency of crops, an important aspect, particularly under erratic rainfall conditions. This study investigated the effects of cattle manure and mineral-N fertilizer application on maize (Zea mays L.) water productivity (MWP) on clay and sandy soils in a smallholder farming area of Zimbabwe. Four fields previously exhibiting heterogeneous fertility were managed under the following treatments: control (no amendment) and cattle manure (5, 15, and 25 Mg ha–1) + 100 kg ha–1 mineral-N fertilizer for 7 yr. Thereafter, the effects of fertility treatment on MWP were expressed as actual maize grain yield produced per unit of seasonal transpiration modeled using AquaCrop. Furthermore, the relationship of MWP to physical soil properties was determined using principal component analysis. The MWP significantly (P < 0.05) improved with an increase in cattle manure plus mineral-N fertilizer application over control on both soils ranging between 0.5 and 1.7 kg m–3 and between 0.24 and 1.1 kg m–3 on clay and sandy soils, respectively. The MWP was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the steady-state infiltration rate on the clay soil and with soil organic C on the sandy soil. We concluded that cattle manure and mineral-N fertilizer application is key to MWP improvement in rainfed smallholder cropping systems and is closely coupled with improvements in physical soil properties on clay soil than sandy soil. Therefore, the observations attest to the importance of site-specific management that could contribute to efficient resource use in resource-constrained farming areas. Copyright © 2015. . Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Agronomy, Inc.

ACS Style

Nothando Dunjana; Philip Nyamugafata; Justice Nyamangara; Nelson Mango; Willis Gwenzi. Maize Water Productivity and Its Relationship to Soil Properties under Integrated Cattle Manure and Mineral-Nitrogen Fertilizer in a Smallholder Cropping System. Agronomy Journal 2015, 107, 2410 -2418.

AMA Style

Nothando Dunjana, Philip Nyamugafata, Justice Nyamangara, Nelson Mango, Willis Gwenzi. Maize Water Productivity and Its Relationship to Soil Properties under Integrated Cattle Manure and Mineral-Nitrogen Fertilizer in a Smallholder Cropping System. Agronomy Journal. 2015; 107 (6):2410-2418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nothando Dunjana; Philip Nyamugafata; Justice Nyamangara; Nelson Mango; Willis Gwenzi. 2015. "Maize Water Productivity and Its Relationship to Soil Properties under Integrated Cattle Manure and Mineral-Nitrogen Fertilizer in a Smallholder Cropping System." Agronomy Journal 107, no. 6: 2410-2418.

Articles
Published: 03 July 2015 in Agrekon
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This article addresses the impact of Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) on food security among smallholder farmers in three countries of southern Africa (Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi). Southern Africa has suffered continued hunger despite a myriad of technological interventions that have been introduced in agriculture to address issues of food security, as well as poverty alleviation. IAR4D is a new approach that was recently introduced by the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa through the sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Programme as an alternative strategy to address the challenges that the conventional Agricultural Research and Development (ARD) approach has been facing. Data for this article has been derived from two sources: baseline and endline surveys of the sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Programme that were implemented in southern Africa.The findings of the study showed reduced food insecurity in the intervention sites when compared with counterfactual (clean and conventional) sites. This is a clear evidence that IAR4D has had some impact, as food insecurity has been reduced in the intervention villages where the programme was implemented, unlike the control villages where the programme was not implemented. The results also show that IAR4D has improved the quality of food dietary diversity and smallholders’ coping strategies when compared with control sites. However, these results are not robust across sites. Given the positive impact, this article recommends the adoption of IAR4D over ARD as an alternative approach to addressing household food security by increasing agricultural production.

ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Kefasi Nyikahadzoi; Clifton Makate; Nothando Dunjana; Shephard Siziba. The impact of integrated agricultural research for development on food security among smallholder farmers of southern Africa. Agrekon 2015, 54, 107 -125.

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Kefasi Nyikahadzoi, Clifton Makate, Nothando Dunjana, Shephard Siziba. The impact of integrated agricultural research for development on food security among smallholder farmers of southern Africa. Agrekon. 2015; 54 (3):107-125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Kefasi Nyikahadzoi; Clifton Makate; Nothando Dunjana; Shephard Siziba. 2015. "The impact of integrated agricultural research for development on food security among smallholder farmers of southern Africa." Agrekon 54, no. 3: 107-125.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2014 in Development Southern Africa
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ACS Style

Nelson Mango; Byron Zamasiya; Clifton Makate; Kefasi Nyikahadzoi; Shephard Siziba. Factors influencing household food security among smallholder farmers in the Mudzi district of Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa 2014, 31, 625 -640.

AMA Style

Nelson Mango, Byron Zamasiya, Clifton Makate, Kefasi Nyikahadzoi, Shephard Siziba. Factors influencing household food security among smallholder farmers in the Mudzi district of Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa. 2014; 31 (4):625-640.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson Mango; Byron Zamasiya; Clifton Makate; Kefasi Nyikahadzoi; Shephard Siziba. 2014. "Factors influencing household food security among smallholder farmers in the Mudzi district of Zimbabwe." Development Southern Africa 31, no. 4: 625-640.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2012 in Food Security
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The failure of the linear and non-participatory Agricultural Research and Development (ARD) approaches to increase food security among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa has prompted researchers to introduce an Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) concept. The IAR4D concept uses Innovation Platforms (IPs) to embed agricultural research and development organizations in a network to undertake multidisciplinary and participatory research. This paper uses Zimbabwe as a case study to analyze the relevance of the technologies and innovations that are being promoted by IPs in Zimbabwe to improve food security. Using data collected through the Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Programme, the paper shows that access to inputs, social capital, productivity enhancing technologies and market information are critical in addressing food security issues among smallholder farmers. The multi-stakeholder partnership forged through IPs should adopt a coordinated approach to provide smallholders with access to these prerequisites for food security. The paper argues that more emphasis should be put on these issues rather than on farm research initiatives whose contribution to food security appears to be less significant.

ACS Style

Kefasi Nyikahadzoi; Shephard Siziba; Nelson Mango; Paul Mapfumo; Adewale Adekunhle; Oluwole Fatunbi. Creating food self reliance among the smallholder farmers of eastern Zimbabwe: exploring the role of integrated agricultural research for development. Food Security 2012, 4, 647 -656.

AMA Style

Kefasi Nyikahadzoi, Shephard Siziba, Nelson Mango, Paul Mapfumo, Adewale Adekunhle, Oluwole Fatunbi. Creating food self reliance among the smallholder farmers of eastern Zimbabwe: exploring the role of integrated agricultural research for development. Food Security. 2012; 4 (4):647-656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kefasi Nyikahadzoi; Shephard Siziba; Nelson Mango; Paul Mapfumo; Adewale Adekunhle; Oluwole Fatunbi. 2012. "Creating food self reliance among the smallholder farmers of eastern Zimbabwe: exploring the role of integrated agricultural research for development." Food Security 4, no. 4: 647-656.