In digital mammography, finding accurate breast profile segmentation of women’s mammogram is considered a challenging task. The existence of the pectoral muscle may mislead the diagnosis of cancer due to its high-level similarity to breast body. In addition, some other challenges due to manifestation of the breast body pectoral muscle in the mammogram data include inaccurate estimation of the density level and assessment of the cancer cell. The discrete differentiation operator has been proven to eliminate the pectoral muscle before the analysis processing. We propose a novel approach to remove the pectoral muscle in terms of the mediolateral-oblique observation of a mammogram using a discrete differentiation operator. This is used to detect the edges boundaries and to approximate the gradient value of the intensity function. Further refinement is achieved using a convex hull technique. This method is implemented on dataset provided by MIAS and 20 contrast enhanced digital mammographic images. To assess the performance of the proposed method, visual inspections by radiologist as well as calculation based on well-known metrics are observed. For calculation of performance metrics, the given pixels in pectoral muscle region of the input scans are calculated as ground truth. Our approach tolerates an extensive variety of the pectoral muscle geometries with minimum risk of bias in breast profile than existing techniques.

Cloth simulation is an area of research in domain of computer graphics, that assists actors/actress to wear such clothes that seem real using animated techniques. In this paper, we discuss a panoramic overview on computer graphics cloth simulation and modelling techniques such as firstly geometrical methods which utilise geometrical equations to generate cloth-like visualisations without taking into account the cloth apparent characteristics, secondly these approaches in dynamic cloth simulation are connected to fabric engineering field including three types which are the mass-spring model, particle-based system and elastically deformable model and thirdly hybrid methods that combine physical and geometrical methods essentially to arrive at a more complex simulation model are highlighted. The advance cloth simulation which stated that the cloth simulation is a mixture of a many methods and strategies, which involves mechanical simulation, statistical integration, collision recognition, constraints, and rendering approaches for creating clothes is discussed. Physical modelling phase and collision handling phase are critically inspected. The interaction between fluids and rigid and elastic bodies that boosts the complexity of fluids’ motion is discussed..