In digital mammography, finding accurate breast profile segmentation of women’s mammogram is considered a challenging task. The existence of the pectoral muscle may mislead the diagnosis of cancer due to its high-level similarity to breast body. In addition, some other challenges due to manifestation of the breast body pectoral muscle in the mammogram data include inaccurate estimation of the density level and assessment of the cancer cell. The discrete differentiation operator has been proven to eliminate the pectoral muscle before the analysis processing. We propose a novel approach to remove the pectoral muscle in terms of the mediolateral-oblique observation of a mammogram using a discrete differentiation operator. This is used to detect the edges boundaries and to approximate the gradient value of the intensity function. Further refinement is achieved using a convex hull technique. This method is implemented on dataset provided by MIAS and 20 contrast enhanced digital mammographic images. To assess the performance of the proposed method, visual inspections by radiologist as well as calculation based on well-known metrics are observed. For calculation of performance metrics, the given pixels in pectoral muscle region of the input scans are calculated as ground truth. Our approach tolerates an extensive variety of the pectoral muscle geometries with minimum risk of bias in breast profile than existing techniques.

A series of previously conducted experiments pertaining to various chemicals and drugs uncover a natural linkage between the molecular structures and the bio-medical and pharmacological characteristics. The forgotten topological index computed for the molecular structures of various chemical compounds and drugs has proven significant in medical and pharmaceutical fields by predicting biological features of new chemical compounds and drugs. A topological index can be considered as the transformation of chemical structure into a real number. Dendrimers are highly-branched star-shaped macromolecules with nanometer-scale dimensions. Dendrimers are defined by three components: a central core, an interior dendritic structure (the branches), and an exterior surface with functional surface groups. In this paper, we determine forgotten topological indices of poly(propyl) ether imine, porphyrin, and zinc–porphyrin dendrimers.

A digital image watermarking algorithm using partial pivoting lower and upper triangular (PPLU) decomposition is proposed. In this method, a digital watermark image is factorised into lower triangular, upper triangular and permutation matrices by PPLU decomposition. The permutation matrix is used as the valid key matrix for authentication of the rightful ownership of the watermark image. The product of the lower and upper triangular matrices is embedded into particular sub‐bands of a cover image that is decomposed by wavelet transform using the singular value decomposition. The weightage‐based differential evolution algorithm is used to achieve the possible scaling factor for obtaining the maximum possible robustness against various image processing operations and pirate attacks. The authors experiments show that the proposed algorithm is highly reliable with better imperceptibility of the embedded image and computationally efficient compared with recently existed methods.