This paper presents the development of the public space of Nowy Sącz, taking into account the space syntax analysis of the historical maps of the city and the structure of its development. Nowy Sącz is a city located in southern Poland, with over 80,000 residents. A space syntax analysis of historical maps helps to explain the urban space’s growth and development structure. The scientific goal of this paper was to build model solutions and urban typologies of Nowy Sącz; to present the logic of the model; and to compare simulation results with reality and historical knowledge. The application goal was to explain the processes and popularize the insight using clear space syntax visualizations. Axial maps of street networks were developed using current and historical city plans (publicly available plans from the late 18th century to the present day). The space syntax methodology was employed to measure Integration and Choice variables for each stage of the city’s spatial development. The results indicating areas of the highest Integration value were verified against historical studies. A strong correlation was demonstrated between the foci of urban life of super-local reach and their places in a growing city’s structural network.

Cultural heritage conservation is a constant process of preserving the valuable historical legacy and transferring it to future generations. The ability to adapt the matter under conservation to changing needs and environmental conditions is an essential element of this process. In this context, climate change and its consequences are a growing challenge, requiring innovative and often simultaneous efforts. This study was conducted in response to the discovery of previously unknown documents on nineteenth-century impoundment structures of the Krakow Fortress’s defensive system. At present, the facilities are almost entirely ruined, yet the need to restore and preserve the memory of their culturally valuable legacy merits investigation. The conditions and requirements of the management of Krakow’s changing hydrological environment became a vital component of this study. The uncovered archival documents were subjected to historical-interpretative analysis. Virtual modeling contributed to identifying the original scope of the dams’ impact. Analysis of the city’s spatial planning documents pointed to their contemporary potential. The entirety of the material collected aided in determining the framework in which protective measures targeting this dying heritage are currently possible. This study features a proposal for a new form of recreating the structures under investigation by assigning them a range of possible simultaneous uses. Thus, the presented research proposal is a form of concern for preserving this historical legacy and an attempt at rising to contemporary challenges posed by an intensively changing environment.

The aging population requires housing developments that can adapt to their changing needs. The study examines the use of steel volumetric modular technology to construct collective senior housing for independent, sustainable living. The authors explore the qualities of senior housing projects through a literature survey and case studies. Projects appreciated in the architectural industry, illustrating the best practices, are considered. For the development part, the feasible design variants are proposed, BIM modeled, and expertly assessed. Optimization of the types and numbers of modules is carried out to make the most effective use. The potential for generating appropriate flow and social interaction in the shared spaces is also tested. The results prove that a single dwelling unit may embody many features of a suitable architecture for older adults and be used to construct collective senior housing buildings. However, a 3D module with two rooms on either end and a corridor in the middle (the most economical form of 3D prefabrication) is unsuitable for senior housing. Additionally, a narrow 3D module cannot accommodate a complete dwelling unit due to increased dimension needs. Designers and builders must balance economics with the requirements of aging residents to widen the range of volumetric prefabrication areas.

Typy zieleni i elementy wodne w przestrzeni dawnego miasta-twierdzy Trebinje

A key aspect of sustainability is regenerating inhabited urban areas without demolishing them, since this helps retain the embodied carbon and spatial capital built up in existing buildings while preventing the displacement that results from clearing land. In this approach, which prioritises retention, a major issue when reviving a district is where the first intervention should take place. The usual method is to map out ‘readiness’—a combination of accessibility, public transport facilities, and current levels of activity—and then focus interventions on areas where this criterion is highest. Yet because readiness is evaluated in terms of existing assets, it tends to identify streets that are already working well, and these are also the ones with the least potential for further improvement. This study measures the part of a district which has so far been left unused. The latent field of a district consists of streets that are highly accessible within the larger city network but are not recruited by routes connecting the district’s specified supra-local destinations. The shape of this latent field, whether in the form of long lines or scattered patches, remained stable across the tested threshold and generator-inventory perturbations, whereas its size mainly reflects the modelling assumptions. The practical consequences of this approach are evident in the ISKRA creative-district project, situated in the historic part of Toruń, Poland. Placed at the point of peak readiness, the insertion model brings 11% of the target rib onto the route skeleton; the same generator 500 m along the rib brings 70%. A similar intervention carried out in a different location has no effect. Activation is not related to distance, but it is limited by distance. When applying the method to Toruń’s Old Town, the resulting latent field comprises areas rather than lines, showing that a different intervention strategy is needed. The method requires only an open street network, a list of the main district destinations, and a commitment to preserving the existing urban structure; it generates siting predictions that can be tested using pedestrian counts.

W artykule przedstawiono analizę projektów austro-węgierskich baterii artylerii nadbrzeżnej kalibru 42 cm w lokalizacjach wzgórz Gomila koło Puli oraz Prevlaka koło Kotoru z lat 1914–1917. Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie źródeł archiwalnych i dokumentacji projektowej. Wykazano istotne różnice architektoniczne: „Gomila” reprezentowała rozwiązanie kubaturowe, „Prevlaka” innowacyjną „architekturę negatywową” z kawernami w skale. Praca stanowi pierwszą analizę tych obiektów w literaturze polskiej.