There is some consistency in previous EEG findings that patients with schizophrenia have increased resting-state cortical activity. Furthermore, in previous work, we have provided evidence that there is a deficit in the modulation of bioelectrical activity during the performance of a P300 task in schizophrenia. Our hypothesis here is that a basal hyperactivation would be related with altered ability to change or modulate cortical activity during a cognitive task. However, no study so far, to the best of our knowledge, has studied the association between resting-state activity and task-related modulation. With this aim, we used a dual EEG paradigm (resting state and oddball task for elicitation of the P300 evoked potential) in a sample of patients with schizophrenia (n = 100), which included a subgroup of patients with first episode psychosis (n = 30), as well as a group of healthy controls (n = 93). The study measures were absolute power for resting-state; and spectral entropy (SE) and connectivity strength (CS) for P300-task data, whose modulation had been previously found to be altered in schizophrenia. Following the literature on P300, we focused our study on the theta frequency band. As expected, our results showed an increase in resting state activity and altered task-related modulation. Moreover, we found an inverse relationship between the amount of resting-state activity and modulation of task-related activity. Our results confirm our hypothesis and support the idea that a greater amount of resting theta-band synchrony could hamper the modulation of signal regularity (quantified by SE) and activity density (measured by CS) during the P300 task performance. This association was found in both patients and controls, suggesting the existence of a common mechanism and a possible ceiling effect in schizophrenia patients in relation to a decreased inhibitory function that limits their cortical reactivity to the task.

Mapping of Event-Related Potentials (ERP) associated with auditory and visual odd-ball paradigms has shown consistent differences between healthy controls and schizophrenia patients. It may be hypothesized that higher task attentional/cognitive demand will result in larger differences in these paradigms, which may help understanding the substrates of cognitive deficits in this syndrome. To this aim, we performed an EEG study comparing the effects of increasing the attentional/cognitive load of an auditory N-back task on the Event-Related Potential in 50 subjects with schizophrenia (11 first episodes) and 35 healthy controls. We considered a post-target window of 1000 ms to explore possible between groups differences in N100, P300, and Late Slow Wave (LSW), and compared these components between 0-back ('lower attentional/cognitive load) and 1-back ('higher attentional/cognitive load') conditions. Our results showed that N100 and LSW amplitude increase from 0- to 1-back condition was significantly larger in healthy controls compared to schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, LSW amplitude difference between 0- and 1-back conditions positively correlated with performance in the behavioral cognitive assessment. Taken together, these results support that higher task attentional/cognitive load (0-back vs. 1-back condition) increase N100 amplitude differences and reveal new findings related to the LSW component in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders exhibit significant clinical and cognitive heterogeneity, challenging diagnosis and treatment. Given indications of widespread cortical hyperactivity and dysregulation of neural oscillations in schizophrenia, investigating resting-state activity is highly relevant. This study examined resting-state EEG alterations across previously defined cognitive subtypes within the psychosis spectrum. We analyzed resting-state EEG data from 141 psychosis patients (64 chronic schizophrenia, 40 first-episode schizophrenia, 37 bipolar disorder) and 80 healthy controls. Patients were a priori classified into two distinct cognitive subgroups: Cluster 1 (severe impairment, n = 47) and Cluster 2 (moderate impairment, n = 94). Both patient clusters exhibited increased spectral power across most frequency bands compared to healthy controls. Notably, the more severely impaired Cluster 1 showed significantly higher power in the gamma-1 band (30-45 Hz) compared to Cluster 2. Furthermore, in Cluster 1, a significant positive correlation was found between resting-state gamma-1 power and positive symptom scores. These results support our hypothesis of distinctive basal hyperactivation linked to the cognitive profile, suggesting that altered intrinsic brain activity, particularly gamma-1 hyperactivation, may underlie cognitive heterogeneity in psychosis. This also suggests that gamma-1 band hyperactivation at rest serves as a distinct neurophysiological marker differentiating both subgroups. Our findings highlight the importance of subdivision approaches to identify more homogeneous patient subgroups and emphasize the potential of resting-state gamma activity as a precise biomarker for specific symptom dimensions and personalized treatment strategies.

El presente capítulo presenta los resultados obtenidos en el marco del proyecto de innovación docente HumanizAS en estudiantes del Grado en Enfermería de la Universidad de Valladolid, con especial atención a la evaluación de la humanización mediante la escala HUMAS. Se analizan las entrevistas realizadas a profesionales de enfermería, los aprendizajes percibidos por los estudiantes y las puntuaciones obtenidas en las dimensiones de la escala, en comparación con profesionales. Los hallazgos refuerzan la pertinencia de introducir competencias de humanización en etapas tempranas de la formación, con un impacto positivo en la percepción de la práctica clínica y en el desarrollo de competencias comunicativas y emocionales.

El proyecto de innovación docente humanizAS de la Universidad de Valladolid aborda la necesidad de humanizar la atención sanitaria, una competencia prioritaria ante la excesiva tecnificación y burocratización de los contextos sanitarios. Se implementa en cinco grados sanitarios de forma temprana y multidisciplinar. Su metodología central es la "Entrevista a un Profesional Sanitario", que promueve el contacto asistencial temprano y el papel activo de los estudiantes. Tras cinco años y 191 entrevistas, su valoración por estudiantes y profesionales demuestra un alto éxito. El modelo, que se apoya en una extensa red de colaboradores, fomenta la adquisición de competencias de humanización en la atención sanitaria y se postula como estándar para la formación sanitaria futura.

El proyecto humanizAS aborda el aprendizaje temprano de la humanización de la atención sanitaria, una competencia esencial para el Grado en Nutrición Humana y Dietética debido a la necesidad de construir una sólida alianza terapéutica. La metodología central es la "Entrevista a un Profesional Sanitario", que se implementa en el primer curso en colaboración con el Colegio Oficial de Dietistas-Nutricionistas de Castilla y León (CODINUCyL). Durante los dos primeros cursos de aplicación (2022-2024), 79 estudiantes han entrevistado a 16 Dietistas-Nutricionistas (93,8% mujeres) con experiencia entre 3 y 30 años. Las profesionales otorgaron una alta puntuación de satisfacción (4,8/5) y utilidad (4,8/5), al igual que las estudiantes (4,4/5 y 4,5/5, respectivamente). Esta actividad se valida como un modelo clave para la formación humanista temprana en Dietética-Nutrición.