Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre 57 acessos de feijão comum, sendo 31 genótipos locais do sul do Espírito Santo, 20 da EMBRAPA e seis cultivares comerciais. Foram realizados três experimentos no município de Alegre, ES nos anos agrícolas de 2008/2009 e de 2009/2010. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F. Foi utilizada análise multivariada para avaliar a divergência genética entre os acessos utilizando o método de agrupamento UPGMA e variáveis canônicas com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a separação dos acessos foram: peso de cem sementes (P100) com 24,01%, período vegetativo (PV) com 20,39%, período reprodutivo (PR) com 17,16% e comprimento da semente (CS) com 14,87%. Os acessos menos divergentes foram o F15 e o F18 (9,18) e os mais divergentes foram F10 e F08 (1308,62). Verificou-se baixa dissimilaridade genética entre as cultivares comerciais e também entre os acessos provenientes da EMBRAPA e entre ambas. Os acessos locais demonstraram uma diversidade genética significativa. Tanto a análise de agrupamento quanto a de variáveis canônicas foram capazes de separar os acessos de acordo com os centros de origem. This research aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence among 57 accessions of common bean genotypes being 31 genotypes from southern Espírito Santo, Brazil, 20 cultivars from EMBRAPA and 6 commercial cultivars. Three experiments were conducted in the agricultural years 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, two in the experimental area and a CCA-UFES at IFES, both sites in the municipality of Alegre, ES, Brazil. The desing was a randomized block with tree replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance test by F. By multivariate analysis assessed the genetic diversity among accessions using the UPGMA clustering method and canonical variables based on the Mahalanobis distance. The variables that contributed most to the separation of the accessions were one hundred seed weight (P100) with 24.01%, growing season (PV) with 20.39%, reproductive period (PR) with 17.16% and seed length (CS) with 14.87%. The accessions were less divergent the F15 and F18 (9.18) and the most divergent F10 and F08 (1308.62). Multivariate analysis showed a low genetic similarity between cultivars and also between accessions from EMBRAPA and between them. Site accesses demonstrated significant genetic diversity. Both the cluster analysis and the canonical variables were able to separate the access according to the centers of origin

The damage and the resistance levels of cultivars and accessions of common beans rescued in the South and mountain regions of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica parasitism were evaluated under a greenhouse. Four rescued bean genotypes ("FORT-10", "FORT-13", "FORT-16" and "FORT-19") and 2 commercial cultivars: "Pérola", and "Aporé", were tested. The cultivar "Rico-23" was included as standard of susceptibility to nematodes and non-inoculated plants constituted the control. Thus, the experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in 3 (treatments considering nematodes) x 7 (genotypes and bean cultivars) factorial arrangement, with 7 replicates. Data were measured at 50 days after plant inoculation. For damage quantification, the following variables were evaluated: plant height (PHE), number of nodes (NNO), number of trifoliate leaves (NRT), fresh matter weight (FWE) and dry matter weight (DWE) of shoots, root weight (RWE), number of root nodules (NRO) and final population (FPO) of nematodes per root system. There were no significant differences between the effects caused by M. incognita and M. javanica, but both species showed inferior values of PHE, NNO, NRT, RWE, FWE and DWE compared to controls. Concerning the levels of resistance of bean plants to M. incognita, the genotypes "FORT-10", "FORT-13", "Aporé" and "FORT-16" behaved as moderately resistant, the cultivars "Rico 23" and "Pérola" low resistant, and the genotype "FORT-19" as highly susceptible. When parasitized by M. javanica, the beans "FORT-19", "Rico-23", "FORT-16" and "FORT-13" were low resistant, "Pérola" and "Aporé" susceptible and "FORT-10" highly susceptible.

The plant tissue culture procedures for asexual multiplication of Hancornia speciosa represent an important process facilitating the preservation of selected genotypes of this threatened species and large-scale production of plantlets for population reinforcement or other utilization. However, there is no research regarding the somaclonal variation of this threatened species at molecular level. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the multiplication process in the genetic stability of H. speciosa plantlets and calluses using molecular markers. The tissue culture techniques for H. speciosa micropropagation used in this study did not influence the occurrence of somaclonal variation, which can be related to the genotypes of the donor plants and to the low concentrations of growth regulators used in tissue culture procedures adopted. The results observed here provide a reliable methodology for further studies involving micropropagation techniques with the goal of preserving selected or endangered genotypes of H. speciosa without genetic losses and producing seedlings of this species on a large scale. In addition, it was possible to verify that the donor plants used in this study showed a relatively low genetic variability.

Although soybean is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world, it has been losing genetic diversity in recent decades, due to the intense breeding process and reproduction method. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and estimate the genetic diversity among inbred lines, and identify promising crossings. A total of 66 soybean genotypes were evaluated, 61 of which were pre-commercial lines, and five commercial cultivars (AS3797, DESAFIO, M7110, M7739, M8210) as controls. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replicates. The distance matrix between the inbred lines was calculated by Mahalanobis distance and grouping by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The maximum distance was 1,776.26 between cultivar M7110 and the G23 inbred line, and the minimum 1.50 between inbred lines G13 and G36, with an average distance of 364.40, demonstrating genetic diversity. The traits that contributed most to genetic divergence were number of days to flowering (66.7%) and physiological maturation (28.55%). Inbred lines G60 (higher grain yield), G51 and G33 (lower physiological maturation) and cultivar M7110 (greater divergence) stood out. Four groups were formed, with G1 having the highest grain yield and fewest days to flowering and physiological maturation. The indicated crossings are between G60, G57, CD2728, M7110, G33 and G32 (group G1) and G47 (group G4).

Recurrent Selection increases the frequencies of favorable alleles for economically important traits, which in the case of popcorn are popping expansion and grain yield. However, is time-consuming, since each selection cycle consists of three stages: progeny development and evaluation, and recombination of the best families. With the Recurrent Genomic Selection use, the time required for each selection cycle can be shortened, as it allows the evaluation and recombination phases to be performed simultaneously, reducing the time needed to complete one selection cycle to only one growing season. In this respect, the objective of this study was to determine the selection accuracy and genetic gains for different selection strategies: PhEN = estimates based exclusively on the phenotypic data of 98 plants; PhEN + GEN = estimates based exclusively on the phenotypic and genotypic data of 98 plants; and GEN = estimates based exclusively on SNP marker genotyping. The following traits were evaluated: 100-grain weight, ear height, grain yield, popping expansion, plant height, and popcorn volume. Field trials were carried out with 98 S ₁ progenies, at two locations, in an incomplete block design with three replications. The parents of these progenies were genotyped with a panel of ~ 21K SNPs. From the results based on the predictions by strategy GEN, at different selection intensities, the average annual genetic gain for the different traits was 29.1% and 25.2% higher than that by the strategies PhEN and GEN + PhEN for 98 selection candidates; 148.3% and 140.9% higher for 500; and 187.9% and 179.4% higher for 1,000 selection candidates, respectively. Therefore, recurrent genomic selection may result in a high genetic gain, provided that: i) phenotyping is accurate; ii) selection intensity is explored by genotyping several plants, increasing the number of selection candidates, and iii) genomic selection is used for early selection in recurrent selection.