Polyploidy has pivotal influences on rice (Oryza sativa L.) morphology and physiology, and is very important for understanding rice domestication and improving agricultural traits. Diploid (DP) and triploid (TP) rice shows differences in morphological parameters, such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width and the physiological index of chlorophyll content. However, the underlying mechanisms determining these morphological differences are remain to be defined. To better understand the proteomic changes between DP and TP, tandem mass tags (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS)/MS was used to detect the significant changes to protein expression between DP and TP. Results indicated that both photosynthesis and metabolic pathways were highly significantly associated with proteomic alteration between DP and TP based on biological process and pathway enrichment analysis, and 13 higher abundance chloroplast proteins involving in these two pathways were identified in TP. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that 5 of the 13 chloroplast proteins ATPF, PSAA, PSAB, PSBB and RBL in TP were higher abundance compared with those in DP. This study integrates morphology, physiology and proteomic profiling alteration of DP and TP to address their underlying different molecular mechanisms. Our finding revealed that ATPF, PSAA, PSAB, PSBB and RBL can induce considerable expression changes in TP and may affect the development and growth of rice through photosynthesis and metabolic pathways.

Hericium coralloides is a highly valued gourmet and medicinal species with growing market demand across East Asia, though industrial production remains limited by cultivation challenges. This study investigated the molecular characteristics, biological traits, domestication potential, and cultivation protocols of Hericium coralloides strains collected from the Changbaishan Nature Reserve (Jiling, China). Optimal conditions for mycelial growth included mannose as the preferred carbon source, peptone as the nitrogen source, 30 °C incubation temperature, pH 5.5, and magnesium sulfate as the essential inorganic salt. The fruiting bodies had a protein content of 2.43% g/100 g (fresh sample meter). Total amino acids comprised 53.3% of the total amino acid profile, while essential amino acids accounted for 114.11% relative to non-essential amino acids, indicating high nutritional value. Under optimized domestication conditions—70% hardwood chips, 20% cottonseed hulls, 8% bran, 1% malic acid, and 1% gypsum—bags reached full colonization in 28 days, with a 15-day maturation phase and initial fruiting occurring after 12–14 days. The interval between flushes was 10–12 days. The average yield reached 318.65 ± 31.74 g per bag, with a biological conversion rate of 63.73%. These findings demonstrate that Hericium coralloides possesses significant potential for edible and commercial applications. This study provides a robust theoretical foundation and resource reference for its artificial cultivation, supporting its broader industrial and economic utilization.

The return of mushroom residue to the field is an effective measure to improve soil fertility and maintain agroecosystem productivity. We investigated the effects of returning Auricularia auricula residue to the field on the soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial communities in rice–A. auricula rotation farmland. The return of 67.5 ton/ha A. auricula residue to the field significantly increased the contents of ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus, available potassium (QK), available phosphorus, and organic matter by 180.49%, 70.41%, 16.3%, 54.35%, 137.33%, 38.84%, and 59.29%, respectively. The activities of urease, sucrase, β-glucosidase (β-GC), and acetyl-β-d-glucosidase significantly increased by 32.98%, 407.78%, 206.85%, and 186.26%, respectively; catalase and leucine aminopeptidase activities increased by 244.42% and 130.90% with the return of 54 ton/ha residue. Mushroom residue return increased the Chao1 and Shannon indices of the bacterial community but decreased the diversity of the fungal community. Redundancy analysis showed that QK, β-GC, and urease were closely associated with shifts in microbial community structure. Therefore, returning 67.5 ton/ha (149,925 bags) A. auricula residue to the field can enhance soil ecological functions by improving soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial community structure.

Morels (Morchella spp.) are highly valued edible fungi, but their cultivation remains largely dependent on seasonal field conditions. In this study, we established a stable off-season industrial cultivation system for Morchella eximia G10 through precise environmental regulation, including substrate and ambient temperature, humidity, and irrigation management. Based on this controllable cultivation platform, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to explore developmental reprogramming from vegetative growth to fruiting body maturation. Metabolomic profiling was performed only at the reproductive stages, whereas transcriptomic analysis covered both vegetative and reproductive stages. Low-temperature stimulation was associated with marked increases in the expression of genes involved in cell wall remodeling, carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses, together with downregulation of genes annotated with oxidoreductase- and hydrolase-related functions. The transition to the primordium stage represented the most dynamic developmental transition and was associated with transcriptional regulation, cytoskeletal organization, and signal transduction pathways. Subsequently, distinct developmental trajectories were observed between pileus and stipe tissues, suggesting tissue-specific regulatory programs during fruiting body maturation. In the pileus, early amino acid- and nitrogen-related metabolism was coordinated with transcriptional changes, followed by a shift toward carbon and lipid metabolism. In the stipe, early development featured elevated aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and translational capacity, followed by later adjustments in carbon, sulfur and lipid metabolism. These results provide a tissue-resolved multi-omics view of developmental reprogramming during the cold-treatment-associated transition from vegetative growth to fruiting in Morchella under controlled off-season cultivation. By linking environmental cues with stage- and tissue-specific transcriptional and metabolic programs, this work provides additional insights into reproductive development and extends previous descriptive omics studies, while offering a molecular basis for optimizing environmental regulation and improving the stability of industrial morel production.

This study investigates the effect of hot-air drying temperature (45–70 °C) on the major bioactive constituents and in vitro antioxidant activity of artificially cultivated Sanghuangporus vaninii fruiting bodies. The contents of polyphenols and polysaccharides gradually rose with elevated temperature and peaked at 70 °C, whereas the flavonoid content reached the maximum at 55 °C and declined continuously afterwards. Among the tested bioactive substances, polyphenols exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with their DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities peaking at 70 °C and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity peaking at 55 °C. Correlation analysis revealed that the contents of polyphenol and polysaccharide possessed markedly positive correlations with DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging activities, yet no statistically relevant correlation was observed for flavonoids. Cluster analysis classified all tested temperatures into two clusters: low-temperature drying (45–50 °C) yielded inferior bioactive constituents and antioxidant activity, whereas medium-to-high-temperature drying (55–70 °C) delivered superior performance. From a practical perspective, drying at temperatures ≥55 °C is recommended to enhance product quality. Specifically, 70 °C is optimal to maximize overall antioxidant capacity, whereas 55 °C is preferable for flavonoid enrichment and color preservation. These findings provide an evidence-based strategy for the optimization of post-harvest drying processes of S. vaninii.