Stropharia rugosoannulata is a mushroom that is rich in nutrients and has a pleasant flavor. Its cultivation area is expanding rapidly due to its simplicity and diversity. However, the developmental mechanism of the fruiting body, which constitutes the edible portion of S. rugosoannulata, remains to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive study. Our approach entailed the observation of sections through the fruiting body of S. rugosoannulata and the sequencing of the transcriptomes of various fruiting body tissues. The results demonstrated significant variations in the structure of the pileipellis, pileus, gill, veil, stipe, and trama of S. rugosoannulata. The predominant metabolic pathways included the amino acid metabolism of the pileus, sugar metabolism of the stipe, tryptophan metabolism, and wax production of the pileipellis, the DNA pathway of the gill, amino sugar metabolism of the veil, and the nitrogen metabolism of the trama. The promoter cis-element analysis revealed the roles of light response, methyl jasmonate, oxygen, and temperature on the differentiation of the veil, trama, and pileipellis, respectively. In summary, the present findings offer a molecular mechanism for the development of the fruiting body and provide directions for the enhancement of cultivation techniques of S. rugosoannulata.

Camellia shells are the main by-product of camellia seed processing and are usually incinerated or disposed of as agricultural waste. In this study, camellia shells were employed in the Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivation process using five distinct formulae substituting for cottonseed shells. Our results show that as the substitution rate of camellia shells increased from 0% to 35%, the protein content in P. pulmonarius significantly increased from 34.05% to 53.35%. The polysaccharide content reached a peak value of 5.62% at 30% substitution of camellia shells. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate reached its maximum of 82.70% at 20% substitution of camellia shells. Furthermore, increases in the total amino acid contents in P. pulmonarius were positively correlated with the substitution rate of camellia shells. Considering the yield characteristics, the formula of 20% camellia shell substitution tested in this study appears to be optimal for P. pulmonarius cultivation. These findings not only provide a substrate to enhance the nutritional quality of P. pulmonarius but also demonstrate a novel approach for the ecological utilization of camellia shells.

Morels (Morchella spp.) are highly valued edible fungi, but their cultivation remains largely dependent on seasonal field conditions. In this study, we established a stable off-season industrial cultivation system for Morchella eximia G10 through precise environmental regulation, including substrate and ambient temperature, humidity, and irrigation management. Based on this controllable cultivation platform, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to explore developmental reprogramming from vegetative growth to fruiting body maturation. Metabolomic profiling was performed only at the reproductive stages, whereas transcriptomic analysis covered both vegetative and reproductive stages. Low-temperature stimulation was associated with marked increases in the expression of genes involved in cell wall remodeling, carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses, together with downregulation of genes annotated with oxidoreductase- and hydrolase-related functions. The transition to the primordium stage represented the most dynamic developmental transition and was associated with transcriptional regulation, cytoskeletal organization, and signal transduction pathways. Subsequently, distinct developmental trajectories were observed between pileus and stipe tissues, suggesting tissue-specific regulatory programs during fruiting body maturation. In the pileus, early amino acid- and nitrogen-related metabolism was coordinated with transcriptional changes, followed by a shift toward carbon and lipid metabolism. In the stipe, early development featured elevated aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and translational capacity, followed by later adjustments in carbon, sulfur and lipid metabolism. These results provide a tissue-resolved multi-omics view of developmental reprogramming during the cold-treatment-associated transition from vegetative growth to fruiting in Morchella under controlled off-season cultivation. By linking environmental cues with stage- and tissue-specific transcriptional and metabolic programs, this work provides additional insights into reproductive development and extends previous descriptive omics studies, while offering a molecular basis for optimizing environmental regulation and improving the stability of industrial morel production.