The design and usage of the addressed combined fiber-optic sensors (ACFOSs) and the multisensory control systems of the greenhouse gas concentration on their basis are investigated herein. The main development trend of the combined fiber-optic sensors (CFOSs), which consists of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and the Fabry–Perot resonator (FPR), which are successively formed at the optical fiber end, is highlighted. The use of the addressed fiber Bragg structures (AFBSs) instead of the FBG in the CFOSs not only leads to the significant cheapening of the sensor system due to microwave photonics interrogating methods, but also increasing its metrological characteristics. The structural scheme of the multisensory gas concentration monitoring system is suggested. The suggested scheme allows detecting four types of greenhouse gases (CO₂, NO₂, CH₄ and O_x) depending on the material and thickness of the polymer film, which is the FPR sensitive element. The usage of the Karhunen–Loève transform (KLT), which allows separating each component contribution to the reflected spectrum according to its efficiency, is proposed. In the future, this allows determining the gas concentration at the AFBS address frequencies. The estimations show that the ACFOS design in the multisensory system allows measuring the environment temperature in the range of −60…+300 °C with an accuracy of 0.1–0.01 °C, and the gas concentration in the range of 10…90% with an accuracy of 0.1–0.5%.

The design and usage of the addressed combined fiber-optic sensors (ACFOS) and the multisensory control systems of the greenhouse gas concentration on their basis are investigated. The main development trend of the combined fiber-optic sensors (CFOS), consisting of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and the Fabry-Perot resonator (FPR), which are successively formed at the optical fiber end, is highlighted. The addressed fiber Bragg structures (AFBS) usage instead of the FBG in the CFOS leads not only to significant cheapening of the sensor system due to microwave photonics interrogating methods, but also to increasing its metrological characteristics. The structural scheme of the multisensory gas concentration monitoring system is suggested. The suggested scheme allows detecting four types of the greenhouse gases (СО2, NO2, CH4, OX) depending on the material and thickness of the polymer film, which is the FPR sensitive element. The usage of Karunen-Loeff transform (KLT), which allows separating each component contribution to the reflected spectrum according to its efficiency, is proposed. In the future, it allows determining the gas concentration at the AFBS address frequencies. The estimations have shown that the ACFOS design in the multisensory system allows measuring the environment temperature in the range of −60…+300 °C with an accuracy of 0.1–0.01 °C, and the gas concentration in the range of 10…90% with the accuracy of 0.1–0.5%.

Natural and manmade flows of matter form complex metal associations in the body of residents living in certain territories, which leads to functional disorders in their bodies and the depletion of adaptive reserves. It is possible to assess the distribution of metals in the body only taking into account its biogeochemical localization. The question arises about the methodological approach to the determination of regional reference values of the concentrations of metals in biosubstrates of residents of different territories, to which this study was devoted. A designed and trained neural network was used, reflecting the relationship between the concentrations of metals in consumed drinking water and biosubstrates of the body, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the tested group of children and adolescents, based on the regional reference values obtained. Neural network regression methods allowed the calculation of nonlinear dependences of indicators of the state of the internal environment of an organism with external factors, and localized reference values determined in such calculations the indicators of the base state, being guided by the intensity of external factors, which should be assessed. The results of this study are intended for patient-oriented diagnosis and the treatment of eco-conditioned microelementosis in individual locations.

Quality management of urban ecosystem components should be based on adequate determination of threshold values for concentrations of priority pollutants, otherwise it is difficult to assess the severity of negative consequences of anthropogenic activities. Currently, there is no officially approved or generally accepted method for setting concentration thresholds for urban ecosystem components at the regional level in Russia. Setting such thresholds requires the use of effective indicators that can reflect man-made multi-component and multi-factor effects. Quantitative characteristics of accumulating and dynamic biosubstrates of sensitive representatives of the population can act as an informative marker of the response of biological components of the urban ecosystem to anthropogenic impact. Territorial correspondence of sampling points of components of the urban ecosystem and biosubstrates of the body will allow to establish relationships between their contents. The priority of the study of metals among the entire variety of pollutants subject to control is their stability in the components of the urban ecosystem, their high ability to biogenic migration, and the danger of accumulation with the manifestation of toxic effects, due to a long period of excretion from the human body. The use of modern neural network technologies and chemical analysis of metals has allowed to define threshold concentrations of metals in depositing components of the urban ecosystem at the upper limits of acceptable concentrations of their content in biological substrates of children and adolescents which do not lead to an increase of regional reference values in blood and...

В статье приводится обзор требований природоохранного законодательства Российской Федерации по вопросам мониторинга атмосферного воздуха с анализом проблем, касающихся организации эффективного его проведения. Сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию выполнения соответствующих работ в Республике Татарстан, представляющие актуальность для территории Российской Федерации в целом.

Использование традиционных методов анализа массива данных наблюдений за изменчивостью содержания загрязняющих веществ (ЗВ) в компонентах урбоэкосистемы не позволяет определить её степень устойчивости. Оценка состояния урбоэкосистемы, как сложной неравновесной системы, возможна с использованием мультифрактальных спектров системы. Предложен подход для экспертной оценки результатов зонирования территорий по уровню загрязнения атмосферного воздуха с использованием мультифрактального анализа, который позволяет выявлять структурные различия с интегральной визуализацией состояний кластеров. Отдалённость мультифрактальных спектров, построенных для разных уровней загрязнения атмосферного воздуха, от критических значений свидетельствует о достаточно устойчивом состоянии урбоэкосистемы, и наоборот. Исследования проводились на территории крупного промышленного центра г. Нижнекамска и предварялись кластерным анализом массивов данных наблюдений за содержанием приоритетных для контроля ЗВ в атмосферном воздухе. Реализована нейросетевая кластеризация с определением степени разбиения данных на кластеры по авторской методике нейросетевой фильтрации. Оценивалось превышение концентраций ЗВ над их пороговыми содержаниями - медианами ранжированного ряда значений. Расчёт мультифрактальных спектров наборов данных и их сопоставление по кластерам показывает, что в кластере 0 сильнее выражена изменчивость содержаний ЗВ. Структуры спектров кластеров 1 и 2 свидетельствует о большем влиянии дестабилизирующих систему факторов и фиксируют начало перехода системы на новый структурный уровень. Таким образом, баланс исследуемой системы находится в динамическом равновесии между состояниями зафиксированными кластерами 1 и 2, при этом вектор развития системы в целом может изменяться и быть направлен как в сторону структурных характеристик кластера 1, так и в сторону изменчивости, охваченной кластером 2. Расчёт и анализ мультифрактальных спектров компонента урбоэкосистемы позволяют оценить структурную устойчивость и степень динамической сбалансированности урбоэкосистемы в...