A prerequisite for achieving high energy efficiency of water supply systems (understood as using less energy to perform the same task) is the appropriate selection of all elements and their rational use. Energy consumption in water supply systems (WSS) is closely connected with water demand. Especially in the case of oversized water supply systems for which consumers’ water demand is at least 50% less than previously planned and flow velocity in some parts of the system is below 0.01 m·s⁻¹, this problem of excessive energy consumption can be observed. In the literature, it is difficult to find descriptions and methods of energy management for such a case. The purpose of this study was both an evaluation of the current demand of an oversized WSS and a preliminary technical analysis of the possibility for energy saving. Solutions are presented that resulted in improvements in energy management, thus increasing energy efficiency. The conducted analyses indicate the wide use of numerical, hydraulic models, among others, for the needs of the sustainable oversize water supply systems management in order to improve energy efficiency. Those simulations only give energy consumption results as a first step in the process of decision-making for the modernization process, in which investment costs should be taken into account as a second step. Thus, this paper emphasizes the crucial role of hydraulic models as a good analytical tool used in decision support systems (DSS), especially for large, oversized water supply systems.

Industries have many rotational operations that are used for design, transport, lift, drilling, rolling, robotics, and many other applications. These rotating applications require a proper controller for accurate control of the operation. Separately excited DC motors (SEDCMs) are versatile and have various industrial operations because of their specific speed control characteristics. So, for smooth and accurate operation of an SEDC motor, controllers should be used. PI and PID controllers are used in many cases, but they are ineffective for nonlinear load operation. A fuzzy controller is a heuristic controller and can provide automatic control of the operation. Its operation depends on the selection of the correct membership values. This work proposes a novel particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique that would provide the optimum value of the membership for fuzzy controllers for optimum control of the industrial processes. To obtain SEDC results, MATLAB simulation was performed, and the fuzzy controller with novel PSO was implemented. A fuzzy PSO controller used for motor speed control operation obtains a rise time of 0.00026 s, settling time of 0.000214 s, maximum overshoot of zero, and delay time of 0.016 s, which are the best values when compared to PID and PID-Fuzzy controllers. It is observed that the results obtained from the separately excited DC motor using a fuzzy PSO controller improve the dynamic behavior of the motor that so it smoothly tracks the required speed without any more overshoot or oscillation than the PID controller. Such dynamic, stable operation of the motor makes it perfect for industrial as well as household operations.

As climate change becomes increasingly obvious to the average person, meeting the European goals of carbon neutrality is more important than ever. However, for our power industry, this necessitates significant changes, mainly to accommodate the power production fluctuations of renewable energy sources. To shut down conventional coal-powered power plants, we will have to build new sources to cover our needs for electricity consumption and ensure their production does not disturb the grid's stability and reliability. All of these changes will bring many new challenges that we will have to face in the future to provide uninterrupted and quality power supply to every customer, as we do now. This paper aims to give an overview of the impact renewables have on the grid and provide possible solutions through modern technologies.