Towards nonconventional wastewater treatment methods for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater, a perovskite-based photoelectrochemical system was developed. Bismuth ferrite doped with lanthanum (La-BiFeO₃, La-BFO) perovskite was synthesised through a hydrothermal method with low calcination temperature for the photoelectrochemical degradation of orange II dye and other cocktails of dyes. Photoanodes were prepared by the deposition of the perovskites on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The photoanodes were characterised using XRD, FESEM, FTIR and UV-vis diffuse reflectance. The photoelectrochemical properties of the synthesised photoanodes were investigated with chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (including Mott–Schottky analysis). The results show that all La³⁺-doped BFO photoanodes exhibited a higher absorption edge in the visible light region than the undoped BFO. The photocurrent response of 10% La-BFO (the best performing electrode) exhibited a three times higher current response than the pure BFO. In addition, the electrode exhibited a good degradation efficiency of 84.2% within 120 min with applied bias potential of 2 V at a pH of 7. EIS studies showed a significant enhancement of the interfacial electron transfer of the charge carriers. The enhancements in electrode performances were attributed to the synergistic effect of the applied bias potential and the introduction of La³⁺ into the BFO matrix. This study therefore shows that the photoelectrocatalytic performance of BFO for water treatment can be improved by the introduction of perovskites-doping ions such as La³⁺.

The mineralization of tetracycline by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) as well as the study of the toxicity of its intermediates and degradation products are presented. Electro-Fenton (EF), anodic oxidation (AO), and electro-Fenton coupled with anodic oxidation (EF/AO) were used to degrade tetracycline on carbon felt (cathode) and a sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide (Ti₄O₇) layer deposited on Ti (anode). As compared to EF and AO, the coupled EF/AO system resulted in the highest pollutant removal efficiencies: total organic carbon removal was 69 ± 1% and 68 ± 1%, at 20 ppm and 50 ppm of initial concentration of tetracycline, respectively. The effect of electrolysis current on removal efficiency, mineralization current efficiency, energy consumption, and solution toxicity of tetracycline mineralization were investigated for 20 ppm and 50 ppm tetracycline. The EF/AO process using a Ti₄O₇ anode and CF cathode provides low energy and high removal efficiency of tetracycline caused by the production of hydroxyl radicals both at the surface of the non-active Ti₄O₇ electrode and in solution by the electro-Fenton process at the cathodic carbon felt. Complete removal of tetracycline was observed from HPLC data after 30 min at optimized conditions of 120 mA and 210 mA for 20 ppm and 50 ppm tetracycline concentrations. Degradation products were elucidated, and the toxicity of the products were measured with luminescence using Microtox^® bacteria toxicity test.