Orthopedic surgery treats the musculoskeletal system, in which bleeding is common and can be fatal. To help train future surgeons in this complex practice, researchers designed and implemented a serious game for learning orthopedic surgery. The game focuses on teaching trainees blood management skills, which are critical for safe operations. Using state-of-the-art graphics technologies, the game provides an interactive and realistic virtual environment. It also integrates game elements, including task-oriented and time-attack scenarios, bonuses, game levels, and performance evaluation tools. To study the system's effect, the researchers conducted experiments on player completion time and off-target contacts to test their learning of psychomotor skills in blood management.

Bas-relief is characterized by its unique presentation of intrinsic shape properties and/or detailed appearance using materials raised up in different degrees above a background. However, many bas-relief modeling methods could not manipulate scene details well. We propose a simple and effective solution for two kinds of bas-relief modeling (i.e., structure-preserving and detail-preserving), which is different from the prior tone mapping alike methods. Our idea originates from an observation on typical 3D models which are decomposed into a piecewise smooth base layer and a detail layer in normal field. Proper manipulation of the two layers contributes to both structure-preserving and detail-preserving bas-relief modeling. We solve the modeling problem in a discrete geometry processing setup that uses normal-based mesh processing as a theoretical foundation. Specifically, using the two-step mesh smoothing mechanism as a bridge, we transfer the bas-relief modeling problem into a discrete space, and solve it in a least-squares manner. Experiments and comparisons to other methods show that (i) geometry details are better preserved in the scenario with high compression ratios, and (ii) structures are clearly preserved without shape distortion and interference from details.

This paper presents a novel approach to simulating turbulent flows by developing an adaptive multirelaxation scheme in the framework of lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). Existing LBE methods in graphics simulations are usually insufficient for turbulent flows since the collision term disturbs the underlying stability and accuracy. We adopt LBE with the multiple relaxation time (MRT) collision model (MRT-LBE), and address this issue by enhancing the collision-term modeling. First, we employ renormalization group analysis and formulate a new turbulence model with an adaptive correction method to compute more appropriate eddy viscosities on a uniform lattice structure. Efficient algebraic calculations are retained with small-scale turbulence details while maintaining the system stability. Second, we note that for MRT-LBE, predicting single eddy viscosity per lattice node may still result in instability. Hence, we simultaneously predict multiple eddy viscosities for stress-tensor-related elements, thereby asynchronously computing multiple relaxation parameters to further enhance the MRT-LBE stability. With these two new strategies, turbulent flows can be simulated with finer visual details even on coarse grid configurations. We demonstrate our results by simulating and visualizing various turbulent flows, particularly with smoke animations, where stable turbulent flows with high Reynolds numbers can be faithfully produced.