Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF) was introduced as a prescriptive framework to guide forest management under climate change, aiming to integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation objectives into forest planning and practice. While the concept has gained increasing international attention, its on-ground implementation and integration into national and regional strategies remain limited. The lack of evidence-based synthesis on CSF strategies and global applications further exacerbates this challenge. This study employs a bibliometric analysis and systematic review to synthesise existing literature on CSF, examining its role in sustainable forest management, enhancing forest resilience, and climate adaptation and mitigation. Using Web of Science metadata ( n = 86), we assess the temporal, thematic, and geographic evolution of CSF research, alongside its development and collaboration networks. We also review datasets from multiple databases to examine different CSF approaches, policy contexts, and regional applications. Our findings indicate that CSF gained formal recognition around 2017, with publications increasing sharply after 2020, largely driven by European policies and institutional contributions. Europe accounts for nearly 45% of the CSF publications, although the United States leads in overall research output. Despite this growth, we observe substantial research and implementation gaps, especially in developing regions. CSF research fosters stronger regional collaborations than international partnerships, reflecting the geographic concentration of studies. We categorise CSF strategies into key areas, discussing both their trade-offs and opportunities. We also analyse how aligning climate and forestry policies can support more robust, integrated, and effective approaches. However, the current carbon-centric focus must be balanced with ecological and socio-economic dimensions to ensure sustainability. CSF strategies should also incorporate local knowledge, community-led models, and context-specific solutions, while promoting policy coherence across scales to maximise implementation.

Forest enterprise has been identified as a means of generating income among people; plays a vital role in enhancing the quality of life of forest-dependent people. Despite the opportunities timber marketing offers the people, the disparities in the income generation of the marketers in the Bodija sawn wood Market and the effect of socio-economic factors on income generation of the marketers is not well understood. This study was conducted to assess the socio-economic determinants of contributions of timber marketing to the income of timber merchants in Bodija sawn-wood Market. One hundred structured questionnaires were administered randomly in five zones of the sawn wood Market to obtain information on the socio-economic background of the sawn wood marketers and the contribution of timber trade to their incomes. The result indicated that 99.0% of the respondents were male while females constituted 1.00%. Seventy-five percent of the marketers had post-primary education and 25% had primary education. Two percent of the marketers had below 10 years of marketing experience, twenty-six percent had between 11 and 20 years, 57.00% had between 21 and 30 years, and 15.00% had more than 30years experience. Fifty-eight percent of the respondents earned between ₦10000-₦60000 (1US$ = 360.00) from timber marketing, thirty-one percent earned between ₦60001 and ₦110000, 7% earned between ₦110001 and ₦160000, while 4% earned above ₦160000 per month. Chi-square analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and income generation at α level of 0.05 indicated that ethnicity (0.001) and years of experience (0.009) significantly influenced income while the level of education (0.101), age (0.122), and religion (0.745) had no significant influence on the incomes of marketers. Experience is an important factor in sawn wood marketing and a major determinant of the contribution of timber marketing to the income of timber marketers in Bodija sawn wood Market.

This essay review explores the concept of climate-smart forestry as an approach to mitigating and adapting to climate change. It highlights the need for a holistic approach to forestry that considers regional differences and synergies between ecosystem services. The essay discusses various management strategies at different scales, including species selection, mixed species cultivation, and the promotion of the bioeconomy. It also examines the trade-offs and synergies between different forest uses and the effects of forest management on ecosystem services. Furthermore, the review addresses major abiotic and biotic damage risks to forests, such as wildfires, windstorms, and bark beetle attacks, and proposes risk management strategies. Lastly, the review delves into the management of peatland forests, discussing the role of drainage, the impact of ditch network maintenance, and the challenges of peat ash fertilization. Overall, the review provides valuable insights into climate-smart forestry and its potential to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation.