Изменение климата — важнейшая международная проблема XXI века. Территория Российской Федерации находится в области значительных наблюдаемых и прогнозируемых изменений климата. Для достижения Россией углеродной нейтральности к 2060 году, необходима национальная система мониторинга эмиссии и поглощения парниковых газов. С этой целью МНВО запустило программу создания сети карбоновых полигонов. СПбГУ и ФГБУ «ГГО» разработали проект карбонового полигона «Ладога», нацеленный на исследование потенциала поглощения парниковых газов лесными экосистемами Северо-Запада России. Развитие проекта предусматривает создание карбоновой фермы на территории Ленинградской области. Исходя из предположения, что территории лесных площадей, находившиеся ранее в составе государственных земель сельхозназначения Ленинградской области, могут быть задействованы под карбоновые фермы (климатические проекты по лесоразведению, усилению поглощения углерода путем изменения землепользования), была сделана оценка поглощения СО₂. Для общей площади карбоновых ферм ~677.9 тыс. га она составила 3700 ± 1900 кт СО₂/год или (1000 ± 520) ·10⁶кг С/год. Потенциал поглощения СО₂ таких карбоновых ферм может составлять до ~20% от интегральной эмиссии СО₂ Ленинградской области и не более 8% от интегральной эмиссии СО₂ для объединенного региона, состоящего из Ленинградской области и Санкт-Петербурга. Экономический эффект от функционирования карбоновых ферм может быть достигнут только в долгосрочной перспективе. При сохранении текущего уровня цен за тонну СО₂ (35 долл./т СО₂), за 75-летний цикл существования участок леса площадью 1 га принесет доход, обусловленный депонированием СО₂ из атмосферы, на уровне ~9.5 тыс. долл. Этим определяется экономическая целесообразность создания карбоновых ферм, которая также обусловлена потенциальной возможностью выпуска на их базе углеродных единиц, которые будут либо обращаться на углеродных биржах, либо приниматься к зачету в качестве результатов деятельности, направленной на сокращение углеродных выбросов. углеродная нейтральность, углеродный цикл, углеродное поглощение, углеродный баланс, углеродный полигон, углеродная ферма, углекислый газ, парниковые газы, репрезентативные экосистемы, изменение климата, климатические проекты, углеродсвязывающая промышленность, антропогенные выбросы, Ленинградская область, Санкт-Петербург

This article aims to formulate proposals for regulatory bodies whose implementation would ensure the effective introduction of civil circulation into electronic signatures, with minimal costs for economic entities. While electronic signatures have been widely discussed in academic literature, there are still gaps in the understanding of similarities and differences between electronic and handwritten signatures, the functional specifics of the relationship between them, and the role of electronic signatures for electronic contract. Our research has allowed us to overcome this gap adopting a functional symmetry approach based on measuring the distance between fuzzy sets and the Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. This made it possible to form an estimate of the degree of functional symmetry between different types of signatures in a fuzzy and exact form. Correspondingly, we argue that the signature can be viewed as a set of procedures rather than as a single act in order to achieve functional symmetry with a handwritten signature. The case of online lending was used to test and prove this hypothesis. Therefore, regulating electronic signatures needs to focus on the efficiency of this processes for ex ante identification, capturing the intent, ensuring the inalterability and providing reliable evidence, irrespective of the type of electronic signature that is used. It was also revealed that the proposed functional symmetry approach can be combined with a fuzziness index analysis to provide new prospects for further research.

The article is devoted to the study of financialization, the peculiarities of its manifestation in Russia and its connection with the stimulation of investment activity. Financialization is seen as the process of domination of financial capital over the capital of the real sector and at the same time as the process of increasing power of representatives of financial capital, which dictate the rules for business and for the whole society. The aim of the work is to identify the features of increasing the financial depth of the Russian economy with an emphasis on the problem of stimulating investment activity. It is concluded that the process of financialization in Russia is characterized by a low level of development of the financial market (both with respect to the volume of circulating financial resources, and with respect to the composition of financial instruments), as well as special powers of representatives of financial capital in matters of macroeconomic regulation. The policy of the Bank of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation still includes a limited set of measures of monetary and fiscal policy, mainly aimed at curbing inflation through regulation of the money supply, despite the negative results of such policy for the real sector of the economy. A number of tax benefits and preferences are used to stimulate economic investment activity in Russia, but these instruments are of low efficiency. A significant part of the investment-related tax benefits currently goes to consumption rather than business development. It is necessary to use the mechanisms of tax stimulation of investment activity directly connected with investment activity and taking into account features of business. The actions of the Bank of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation to regulate financialization are very contradictory, do not meet the leading international practice and do not contribute to stimulating investment...

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The article is devoted to the problem of shortage of investments in fixed assets of Russian enterprises (non-financial companies). Theoretical perspectives on the importance and determinants of investment activity of business are opposed to domestic practice. Thus, the provisions of the main investment theories are systematized, the norms of savings and savings in Russia are analyzed in comparison with the developed countries and other BRICS countries; the profile of domestic investment business (industry structure of investments in fixed capital, dynamics of investments by types of economic activity, depreciation and renewal of fixed assets) is considered; the factors hindering the implementation of investments identified by surveys of entrepreneurs are interpreted. The study showed that the causes of the protracted investment crisis in Russia correlate with the provisions of all the basic theories, but to reveal them more accurately allows post-Keynesian one with its emphasis on the phenomenon of uncertainty and the problem of investment financing.