In an agricultural country like Pakistan, producing affordable and clean energy can be a challenging task. However, Pakistan has the potential to utilize various biomass feedstocks to generate renewable energy and tackle climate change while promoting sustainable development. Wheat, rice, sugarcane, and corn are the four main crops that yield a significant amount of residue, totaling 112.1 million tons per year. These residues have the potential to produce 3,050 kWh/ton of energy, which can meet 14% of the energy demand in Pakistan, equivalent to 9.85TW, starting in 2022. Gasification technology is a versatile option that efficiently converts biomass into energy while reducing negative environmental impacts. The current research explores the feasibility of generating clean energy from crop residues with low emissions, addressing the country’s energy needs, and supporting policymakers in promoting the use of biomass for energy production. According to this study, rice husk, corn cobs, wheat straw, and sugar bagasse all produce hydrogen at rates of 6.9 wt.%, 6.4 wt.%, 5.69 wt.%, and 5.35 wt.%, respectively. Therefore, our study demonstrates that corn cobs have a significant potential for energy production.

Diclofenac sodium (DCF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug mainly used as an analgesic, arthritic and anti-rheumatic. This study deals with the degradation of diclofenac by photo catalytic-based advanced oxidation processes. Artificial UV lamp and solar rays have been applied to activate the ZnO catalyst, thereby generating highly oxidizing species. These species initiate the degradation process of the drug, which results in intermediates that finally dissociate into carbon dioxide and water. The solar reactor system is comprised of quartz and borosilicate tubes alternatively for the absorption and transmission of the solar rays to the pollutant sample. The degradation rate has been analyzed by composition analysis using high performance liquid chromatography. TOC and COD tests have also been conducted for degraded samples. ZnO catalyst loading was tested from 0.1 gm/L to 1 gm/L and the degradation rate showed a rising trend up to 0.250 gm/L, but further increase in loading resulted in a drop in degradation. Similarly, degradation is higher in acidic condition as compared to neutral or basic pH. The results showed a higher degradation rate for UV lamp irradiation as compared to the solar system. Moreover, TOC and COD reduction is also found to be higher for UV lamp photo catalysis.

Recent development shows that carbon-based composites are proving to be the most promising materials in hydrogen energy production, storage and conversion applications. In this study, composites of the copper-based metal-organic framework with different ratios of graphite oxide have been prepared for hydrogen storage application. The developed materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), gravimetric thermal analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET. The newly developed composites have an improved crystalline structure and an increased surface area. The results of the experiment showed that the composite material MOF/GO 20% can store 6.12% of hydrogen at −40 °C.

The particle residence time in a gas–solid fluidized bed is of great interest. In this work, experiments have been carried out to investigate particle transportation, which is a matter of concern especially in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, and many other industries where time is the major concern, which effects the product quality. By varying the feed rate and baffle gap height in this research, the dispersion coefficient decreases significantly, which reduces the back-mixing and number of tanks as well. Moreover, the obtained results were validated with the tank in series (TIS) model.