Mauro Cruz

Mr. Mauro Cruz

orcid

Research Focus & Metrics

Academic Career Length

9Years (2018-Present)

(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)

Representative Publications

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23 January 2018 in IEEE Internet of Things Journal
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
MCMauro Cruz
Mauro Cruz
Joel RodriguesJoel Rodrigues
Joel Rodrigues
JAJalal Al-Muhtadi
Jalal Al-Muhtadi
VKValery V. Korotaev
Valery V. Korotaev
Victor Hugo C. AlburquerqueVictor Hugo C. Alburquerque
Victor Hugo C. Alburquerque
Internet of Things (IoT) is a term used to describe an environment where billions of objects, constrained in terms of resources (“things”), are connected to the Internet, and interacting autonomously. With so many objects connected in IoT solutions, the environment in which they are placed becomes smarter. A software, called middleware, plays a key role since it is responsible for most of the intelligence in IoT, integrating data from devices, allowing them to communicate, and make decisions based on collected data. Then, considering requirements of IoT platforms, a reference architecture model for IoT middleware is analyzed, detailing the best operation approaches of each proposed module, as well as proposes basic security features for this type of software. This paper elaborates on a systematic review of the related literature, exploring the differences between the current Internet and IoT-based systems, presenting a deep discussion of the challenges and future perspectives on IoT middleware. Finally, it highlights the difficulties for achieving and enforcing a universal standard. Thus, it is concluded that middleware plays a crucial role in IoT solutions and the proposed architectural approach can be used as a reference model for IoT middleware.

11 April 2019 in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
IAIvo Bizon Franco de Almeida
Ivo Bizon Franco de Almeida
Luciano MendesLuciano Mendes
Luciano Mendes
Joel RodriguesJoel Rodrigues
Joel Rodrigues
MCMauro Cruz
Mauro Cruz
In the future, many objects will communicate with each other and with human beings, enabling a vast range of possible services and applications. However, this scenario comes with stringent network requirements. This paper studies and discusses recent technologies that were proposed to achieve the requirements of the Internet of Things (IoT) and massive machine type communications (mMTC). It focuses on their physical layer characteristics and identifies gaps that 5G networks need to address to achieve full connectivity in the IoT scenario. Hence, a detailed tutorial on the possible radio access technologies for 5G networks focusing on IoT use-cases is presented. The advanced 5G waveforms discussed are: 1) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM); 2) universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC); 3) filter bank multicarrier (FBMC); and 4) generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM). The features that each radio access technology should present to address the main IoT's requirements are emphasized.

1 December 2020 in IEEE Internet of Things Journal
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
MCMauro Cruz
Mauro Cruz
Joel RodriguesJoel Rodrigues
Joel Rodrigues
Pascal LORENZPascal LORENZ
Pascal LORENZ
VKValery Viktorovich Korotaev
Valery Viktorovich Korotaev
Victor Hugo C. AlburquerqueVictor Hugo C. Alburquerque
Victor Hugo C. Alburquerque
The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) led to the construction of many IoT middleware, a software that plays a key role since it supports the communication among devices, users, and applications. Although various solutions and studies were proposed they rarely address crucial privacy and security considerations, especially regarding the MQTT protocol. Moreover, in the majority of the solutions, integrating new devices is a time-consuming task performed manually that cannot be accomplished in a scenario with thousands, maybe millions of devices. In this sense, this paper proposes a new IoT middleware, called In.IoT, a scalable, secure, and innovative middleware solution that addresses the middleware concerns identified in the paper. In.IoT architectural recommendations and requirements are detailed and can be replicated by new and available solutions. It supports MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP as application-layer protocols. Its performance is evaluated in comparison with the most promising solutions available in the literature and the results obtained by the proposed solution are extremely promising. In.IoT is evaluated, demonstrated, validated, and it is ready and available for use.

15 July 2022 in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Verified
Journal Article
Closed access
MCMauro Cruz
Mauro Cruz
LALucas R. Abbade
Lucas R. Abbade
Pascal LORENZPascal LORENZ
Pascal LORENZ
SMSamuel B. Mafra
Samuel B. Mafra
Joel RodriguesJoel Rodrigues
Joel Rodrigues
The evolution and rapid adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) led to a rise in the number of attacks that target IoT environments. IoT environments are vulnerable to several attacks because many devices lack memory, processing power, and battery. Most of these vulnerabilities are relatively easy to mitigate when best practices are followed. However, even when best practices are followed, an attack to obtain a device credential and use it to generate false data is difficult to detect. Such an attack is called a replication attack and its impact can be catastrophic in crucial IoT scenarios such as smart transportation. In this sense, this paper proposes a solution to detect these attacks by analyzing abnormal network traffic through machine learning.

25 September 2021 in Future Internet
Verified
Journal Article
Open access
PDF file
MCMauro Cruz
Mauro Cruz
HPHeitor Toledo Lassarote de Paula
Heitor Toledo Lassarote de Paula
BCBruno P. G. Caputo
Bruno P. G. Caputo
SMSamuel Mafra
Samuel Mafra
Pascal LORENZPascal LORENZ
Pascal LORENZ
Joel RodriguesJoel Rodrigues
Joel Rodrigues
Low-code is an emerging concept that transforms visual representations into functional software, allowing anyone to be a developer. However, building a low-code platform from scratch can be challenging concerning the scarce available literature about the topic. In this sense, this paper proposes an Open Low-Code Platform (OLP), a low-code solution that enables regular users to create applications. Furthermore, it presents low-code’s functional and nonfunctional requirements, as well as its similarities and its differences with the no-code concept. The experience obtained while developing OLP was translated into a pipeline that details how code was transformed from the visual representations into a fully fledged application. The paper demonstrates the solution’s viability and is especially useful for building a low-code platform from scratch or improving an existing one.

6 April 2026
Verified
Thesis
Closed access
MCMauro Cruz
Mauro Cruz
Une solution middleware multiprotocole améliorée pour l'Internet des objets: Dans l'Internet des objets (IoT), les données sont gérées et stockées par un logiciel appelé middleware (situé sur un serveur). L'évolution du concept IoT a conduit à la construction de nombreux intergiciels IoT, des logiciels qui jouent un rôle clé car ils prennent en charge la communication entre les appareils, les utilisateurs et les applications. Plusieurs aspects peuvent impacter les performances d'un middleware. Basée sur une revue approfondie de la littérature associée et sur la proposition d'un modèle de référence pour le middleware IoT, cette thèse propose un nouveau middleware IoT, appelé In.IoT, une solution middleware évolutive, sécurisée et innovante basée sur une revue approfondie du état de l'art et suivant l'architecture middleware de référence proposée dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche. In.IoT répond aux préoccupations middleware des solutions les plus populaires (sécurité, convivialité et performances) qui ont été évaluées, démontrées et validées tout au long de cette étude, et il est prêt et disponible à l'utilisation. Les recommandations et les exigences architecturales d'In.IoT sont détaillées et peuvent être reproduites par des solutions nouvelles et disponibles. Il prend en charge les protocoles de couche application les plus populaires (MQTT, CoAP et HTTP). Ses performances sont évaluées en comparaison avec les solutions les plus prometteuses disponibles dans la littérature et les résultats obtenus par la solution proposée sont extrêmement prometteurs. De plus, cette thèse étudie l'impact du langage de programmation sous-jacent sur les performances globales de la solution grâce à une étude d'évaluation des performances incluant Java, Python et Javascript, identifiant que globalement, Java s'avère être le choix le plus robuste pour le middleware IoT. Les appareils IoT communiquent avec le middleware via un protocole de couche application qui peut différer de ceux pris en charge par le middleware, en particulier lorsque l'on considère que les ménages auront divers appareils de différentes marques. La thèse offre une alternative pour de tels cas, en proposant une passerelle de couche application, appelée MiddleBridge. MiddleBridge traduit les messages CoAP, MQTT, DDS et Websockets en HTTP (HTTP est pris en charge par la plupart des intergiciels IoT). Avec MiddleBridge, les appareils peuvent envoyer un message plus petit à un intermédiaire (MiddleBridge), qui le restructure et le transmet à un middleware, réduisant ainsi le temps qu'un appareil passe à transmettre. Les solutions proposées ont été évaluées par rapport à d'autres solutions similaires disponibles dans la littérature, en tenant compte des métriques liées à la taille des paquets, aux temps de réponse, aux requêtes par seconde et au pourcentage d'erreur, démontrant leurs meilleurs résultats et leur énorme potentiel. En outre, l'étude a utilisé XGBoost (une technique d'apprentissage automatique) pour détecter l'occurrence d'attaques de réplication lorsqu'un attaquant obtient les informations d'identification de l'appareil, en l'utilisant pour générer de fausses données et perturber l'environnement IoT. Les résultats obtenus sont extrêmement prometteurs. Ainsi, il est conclu que l'approche proposée contribue à l'état de l'art des solutions middleware IoT.