The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) led to the construction of many IoT middleware, a software that plays a key role since it supports the communication among devices, users, and applications. Although various solutions and studies were proposed they rarely address crucial privacy and security considerations, especially regarding the MQTT protocol. Moreover, in the majority of the solutions, integrating new devices is a time-consuming task performed manually that cannot be accomplished in a scenario with thousands, maybe millions of devices. In this sense, this paper proposes a new IoT middleware, called In.IoT, a scalable, secure, and innovative middleware solution that addresses the middleware concerns identified in the paper. In.IoT architectural recommendations and requirements are detailed and can be replicated by new and available solutions. It supports MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP as application-layer protocols. Its performance is evaluated in comparison with the most promising solutions available in the literature and the results obtained by the proposed solution are extremely promising. In.IoT is evaluated, demonstrated, validated, and it is ready and available for use.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained great significance from researchers and industry due to their wide applications. Energy and resource conservation challenges are facing the WSNs. Nevertheless, clustering techniques offer many solutions to address the WSN issues, such as energy efficiency, service redundancy, routing delay, scalability, and making WSNs more efficient. Unfortunately, the WSNs are still immature, and suffering in several aspects. This paper aims to solve some of the downsides in existing routing protocols for WSNs; a Lightweight and Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Election routing protocol (LEDCHE-WSN) is proposed. The proposed routing algorithm comprises two integrated methods, electing the optimum cluster head, and organizing the re-clustering process dynamically. Furthermore, the proposed protocol improves on others present in the literature by combining the random and periodic electing method in the same round, and the random method starts first at the beginning of each round/cycle. Moreover, both random and periodic electing methods are preceded by checking the remaining power to skip the dead nodes and continue in the same way periodically with the rest of the nodes in the round. Additionally, the proposed protocol is distinguished by deleting dead nodes from the network topology list during the re-clustering process to address the black holes and routing delay problems. Finally, the proposed algorithm’s mathematical modeling and analysis are introduced. The experimental results reveal the proposed protocol outperforms the LEACH protocol by approximately 32% and the FBCFP protocol by 8%, in terms of power consumption and network lifetime. In terms of Mean Package Delay, LEDCHE-WSN improves the LEACH protocol by 42% and the FBCFP protocol by 15%, and regarding Loss Ratio, it improves the LEACH protocol by approximately 46% and FBCFP protocol by 25%.

Vehicular networks are emerging as a promising technology that enables reliable and low-cost solutions for intelligent transport systems (ITSs), mainly due to their enormous potential to be considered for multiple purposes and scenarios. These networks are characterized by unique and challenging features such as packet fragmentation, low node density, short contact duration, and network disruption. These features may result in the absence of a path between the source and destination nodes, which is one of the most challenging issues faced by this type of network. To overcome some of these problems, it is necessary to provide vehicular networks with sophisticated tools or methodologies to implement monitoring and management operations. However, designing efficient solutions for this type of network is not an easy task due to its particular characteristics. This paper elaborates on a comprehensive survey focusing on promising proposals to deal with monitoring and management functionalities in vehicular networks. This work aims not only to present the state of the art on monitoring and management solutions but also to analyze their benefits and drawbacks, identify open issues, and provide guidelines for further contributions.

A definition of neuroiconics is proposed as a branch of science at the intersection of human and animal physiology and iconics that studies neurophysiological processes and algorithms for processing video information and evaluates the possibility of using these algorithms in technical systems.

Subject of study. We present details regarding the development of dual-band optoelectronic scanning systems for surveillance and detection of poachers and poaching equipment and the inclusion of image fusion and geolocation capabilities. Aim. We present research on a dual-band optoelectronic system for scanning the surface along a quasicircular trajectory that supports overlapping of frames for efficient fusion of images made from different points of view into a single image used to detect, recognize, and geolocate poaching. Methods. We present simulation and experimental study of a prototype system including television and thermal vision channels, a Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna, and inertial navigation system modules mounted on a stabilized common platform. Main results. We propose a system design that will support simultaneous scanning of a search area in television and thermal imaging channels along a quasicircular trajectory, with the capability to expand the search area and provide 30% frame overlap for efficient image fusion. Gyroscopic sensors on the stabilized common platform for the system and global navigation system antennas will support the requisite accuracy of the surveillance platform and target geolocation. The change in system viewing angle per unit time that would enable the resulting image to be obtained without missing any lines was determined. The primary components of the error in the coordinates of the surveillance platform when surveilling an object were also determined. The combination of field-of-view scanning and use of geolocation equipment supports the recognition of poachers and poaching equipment and the determination of their coordinates within a global coordinate system. An integrated high-precision GPS receiver (ProPak-V3-424) with an inertial system and data processing technology using Tightly Coupled IMU algorithms (Inertial Explorer) was found to be capable of determining the horizontal coordinates of a surveillance platform to within 12 m at a probability of 95% or better. Practical significance. A prototype of the proposed design increased the maximum reliable detection and recognition range for poachers and poaching equipment (cars and trucks) in a forest through the fusion of data obtained in the visible and infrared spectral bands.