Magnetotellurics (MT) is an important geophysical method for exploring geothermal systems, with the Earth resistivity obtained from the MT method proving to be useful for the hydrothermal imaging changes of the system. In this research, we applied the MT method to map the geothermal system of the Seulawah Agam volcano in northern Sumatra, a site intended for the construction of a geothermal power plant with an estimated energy of 230 Mwe. Herein, 3D MT measurements were carried out, covering the entire area of the volcano and the various intersecting local faults from the Seulimeum segment in the NW–SE direction. Based on Occam 2D inversion, a conductive anomaly (<10 ohm·m) near the surface was identified in response to specific manifestation areas, including the Heutsz crater on the northern side and the Cempaga crater on the southern side. A further conductive anomaly was also found at a depth of 1 km, which was presumably due to a clay cap layer covering the fluid in the reservoir layer below the surface, where the manifestation areas are formed at various locations (where faults and fractures are found) owing to the fluid in the reservoir rising to the surface. The MT modeling also revealed that the reservoir layer in Seulawah Agam lies at a depth of 2 km with a higher resistivity of 40–150 ohm·m, which is the main target of geothermal energy exploration. At the same time, the heat source zone where magma is located was estimated to lie in two locations, namely, on the northern side centering on the Heutsz crater area and the southern side in the Cempaga crater area. A clear 3D structure obtained via Occam inversion was also used to visualize the hydrothermal flow in the Seulawah Agam volcano that originates from two heat source zones, where one structure that was consistent across all models is the conductive zone that reaches a depth of 5 km in the south in response to the regional faulting of the Seulimeum segment. Based on the MT research, we concluded that the volcano has the geothermal potential to be tapped into power plant energy in the future.

Geothermal energy, as a part of green and renewable energy, has been widely developed in the world to replace the current conventional fossil energy. Peut Sagoe is an active volcano in the northern part of Sumatra. The volcanic mountain has not been completely explored for geothermal and energy reserves study. This is due to the volcano locates in a high topography and surrounded by dense tropical forest, which makes it challenging to deploy geophysical instruments in the area. The Landsat 8 thermal infrared and meteorological data from 2013 – 2020 were used to estimate the energy resources by calculating the radiative heat flux (RHF) and measuring the energy lost annually through the heat discharge rate (HDR). We also used the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) for vegetation analysis, and estimation of its emissivity data. The mono-window algorithm was used to calculate the land surface temperature (LST). The Stefan–Boltzmann equation was utilized to analyze thermal infrared data for RHF, and ambient temperature and relative humidity data were acquired from the Indonesian Meteorological Agency (BMKG) database. The results showed that low vegetation values and high LST of 25°C–35°C were found in crater areas, which indicate the underground thermal activities of the mountain. It demonstrates that the maximum RHF values were 55 W/m2 in 2013 and 37 W/m2 in 2020. The HDR data were calculated by applying 15% of the RHF data, and the amounts of energy lost were 132.5 MWe and 64.5 MWe in 2013 and 2015 respectively. It increased to 186.4 MWe in 2017 and 89 MWe in 2020. Based on these predicted results, we conclude that the combination of thermal infrared imagery of Landsat 8 and meteorological data is an effective approach in estimating geothermal energy potential and energy loss of volcanoes situated in remote areas

Investigation of geophysical methods describes elements and geological geometry based on the physical properties of the subsurface. In the past decade, the application of resistivity methods has experienced a rapid increase in describing geological structures and settings. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography technique used to describe the geometry of a complex landslide in Blangkejeren, Aceh province, Indonesia. This area is highly influenced by the landscape with slopes, high-rainfall, and tectonic activity of the Sumatran fault which can lead to soil movement. The type of landslides in this area is largely controlled by geo-structural characteristics; rotational and translational slides, as well as the phenomenon of the gravitational slope of high steepness. As a preliminary study, the acquisition of resistivity data was conducted at two locations with a length of each measuring path 330 meters and electrodes spacing 6 meters. The Supersting R8/IP instrument unit with Wenner-Schlumberger array is used to obtain data that has a sensitivity to vertical and lateral changes. The resistivity distribution along the path is obtained from both profiles that are perpendicular to the landslide field. ERT modeling results at both locations showed subsurface structures based on resistivity values such as; slate, clay, and sandy clay. The contrast resistivity between each layer makes it easier to describe the characteristics of the landslide slip plane geometry which is affected by the slope angle. The resistivity method has physical properties that are very sensitive to porosity and groundwater which is the main parameter in a landslide. Finally, it should be noted that the use of the ERT technique as an effective and efficient method in conducting landslide studies as a disaster mitigation effort.

Landslides are the most common geological phenomenon in Indonesia.The event is damage to public infrastructure, and fatalities was a big impact. Therefore, mapping the geometry of landslides is a part of the mitigation effort possible by geophysical methods. In this research, we applied seismic refraction tomography (SRT) to study the geometry of the sliding zone from the landslide event.TheNational Disaster Management Authority reported that the area was frequently occurring landslide disaster, i.e. 2018, 2019 and 2020 which caused the public infrastructure and obstructed the road access from the central to the west of Aceh. The SRT was measured in two profileslong the road.Data measurements were conducted on the side of the Babahrot - GayoLues road section that had experienced landslides.Measurements were made using the Seismograph PASI 16S24-P and 24 geophones to obtain a 92-meterlong profile with 2 meter spacing between the geophones. P-wave velocity data modeling is done using ZondST2D software.The results of modeling profiles 1 and 2 describe three different subsurface layers.The SRT profile 1 model consists of slate (0.2 - 0.7 km/s), clay (0.8 - 1.3 km/s), and sandy clay (1.4 - 1.9 km/s).While, the model of profile 2 consists of slate (0.5 - 1.0 km/s), clay (1.1 - 1.6 km/ s), and sandy clay (1.7 - 2.5 km/s).The contrasting wave velocity model shows that the SRT method can be used in landslide studies as a reference in determining the mechanism of the landslide system.