Cauterization of three episcleral veins (open-angle glaucoma model) induces venous congestion and increases intraocular pressure in rats. If not upgraded, one episcleral vein is regularly unable to acquire and take over the whole function, and glaucoma-like features persist. Recently, the rapid upgrading of the collateral pathways by a stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 has cured many severe syndromes induced by permanent occlusion of major vessels, veins and/or arteries, peripherally and centrally. In a six-week study, medication was given prophylactically (immediately before glaucoma surgery, i.e., three episcleral veins cauterization) or as curative treatment (starting at 24 h after glaucoma surgery). The daily regimen of BPC 157 (0.4 µg/eye, 0.4 ng/eye; 10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg) was administered locally as drops in each eye, intraperitoneally (last application at 24 h before sacrifice) or per-orally in drinking water (0.16 µg/mL, 0.16 ng/mL, 12 mL/rat until the sacrifice, first application being intragastric). Consequently, all BPC 157 regimens immediately normalized intraocular pressure. BPC 157-treated rats exhibited normal pupil diameter, microscopically well-preserved ganglion cells and optic nerve presentation, normal fundus presentation, normal retinal and choroidal blood vessel presentation and normal optic nerve presentation. As leading symptoms, increased intraocular pressure and mydriasis, as well as degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve head excavation and reduction in optic nerve thickness, generalized severe irregularity of retinal vessels, faint presentation of choroidal vessels and severe optic nerve disc atrophy were all counteracted. In conclusion, we claim that the reversal of the episcleral veins cauterization glaucoma appeared as a consequence of the BPC 157 therapy of the vessel occlusion-induced perilous syndrome.

Background: Do gender, age, body mass and height influence eye biometrical properties in young adults? Methods: A total of 155 eyes (92 female, 63 male) of healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 39 years were included in the study. The subjects’ gender and age were recorded, and their body mass, height and biometrical properties of the eyes were measured. Results: The male subjects had significantly thicker and flatter corneas and lower minimal rim-to-disk ratios than the female subjects did. In both genders, age showed strong, negative correlations with anterior chamber depth and pupil diameter and a positive correlation with lens thickness. We also found significant, negative correlations between body height and mass with keratometry measurements, negative correlations between body height and optic disk rim area and rim volume, and positive correlations between body mass and axial length in both genders. Conclusions: Biometric eye parameters differ among people. In addition to age and gender, which are usually taken into consideration when interpreting ocular biometry findings, we strongly suggest that body height and mass should be also routinely considered when interpreting eye biometry data, as these factors have an impact on ocular biometry.

Background: Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, and it can be interconnected with psychoneurotic disorders due to the psychological and emotional stress that comes with such a chronic condition. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of the occurrence of anxiety, depression and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in glaucoma patients from December 2023 to December 2024. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients with three different stages of OAG. Multiple questionnaires were used to determine the influence of different OAG stages on the severity of anxiety and depression. Results: While predicting the anxiety expression, in a multivariate logistic regression (stepwise method), there was a significant model in predicting the expression of anxiety: female gender (Odds ratio (OR) = 3.03), age of 66 and over (OR = 3.4) and the feeling of being under stress (OR = 7.07). In the prediction of a higher severity of depression, predictors are age 66 and older (OR = 2.03) and feeling stressed (OR = 9.47). Conclusions: While glaucoma and psychoneurotic disorders affect different systems in the body, the psychological toll of living with glaucoma can lead to exacerbation of glaucoma.

Background: Phacoemulsification (PE) is a gold standard method of cataract surgery. PE causes structural changes in the macula of the eye. The aim was to determine the amount of ultrasound (US) energy applied during PE, the change in thickness of the intraretinal layers, and the correlation between the applied US energy and the change in the thickness of the intraretinal layers in five predefined areas of the macula. Methods: This prospective study included 102 eyes of 79 consecutive subjects without other eye or systemic diseases that can affect the eyes submitted to PE. The macular layer thickness was measured on the day of PE (day 0) and at 7, 30, and 90 days after PE using an OCT device. Recorded images were based on posterior pole asymmetry analysis. Results: Statistically significant correlations of applied US energy and the change in thickness of retinal layers were found 90 days after PE in 6 out of 10 macular layers in different macula regions. Conclusions: The results suggest interconnections between US energy spent during PE and the change in the thickness of individual retinal layers of the macula, in different ranges, unevenly, in five defined areas of the macula.

Background and Objectives: Glaucoma is a group of conditions of the eye that can damage the optic nerve, leading to optic neuropathy. Nevertheless, due to its chronic characteristics, it could also be the background for psychoneurotic disorders based on the psychological and emotional stress that it causes. The presented study aimed to examine the characteristics and the occurrence of obsessionality and hysteria, as well as Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG) in glaucoma patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Clinic for Eye Diseases at the Clinical Hospital Center Osijek on 200 patients with different stages of OAG progression from December 2023 to December 2024. A Crown–Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) was used to observe the influence of different degrees of OAG damage on the severity of obsessionality and hysteria. Results: The obsessionality score was higher in women than in men (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression (stepwise method) indicated a significant model for predicting hysteria, consisting of one predictor: female sex (odds ratio = 2.9). According to CCEI, using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to predict obsessionality, no significant predictors or models were observed. Conclusions: The psychological toll of coping with glaucoma could exacerbate glaucoma. Further investigations are necessary to help us understand OAG personality traits and establish a stable methodology for extending appropriate care to glaucoma patients.

Introduction: Migraine is one of the most prominent headache disorders with a global burden of over one billion patients and presented as a disabling and painful disorder. Pathophysiological mechanism of migraine is not fully understood, but the most accepted theory suggests that migraine is caused primarily by neural dysfunction leading to secondary changes in cerebral perfusion. Methods: Authors conducted a case-control study in 175 patients; 88 of them were migraineurs and 87 health controls. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in all patients using spectral-domain OCT device in the same environmental conditions. All participants met both inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to achieve more homogeneous groups. OCT was performed to scan all retinal layers with an emphasis on the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Results: Among 175 examined subjects, 84% of them were women and in the group of migraineurs we found 56% without aura and 44 % with aura. After collecting tomography data authors did not find subjects in which changes of IPL were found. Nevertheless, only moderate differences in the IPL thickness in all quadrants except the central area were found in the group of migraineurs with aura using Pearson’s test. Conclusion: According to presented results, no significant changes of the IPL thickness in migraine patients were found. Authors have to emphasize the need for further investigation of the relationship between average migraine headache days per month and the thickness of the IPL.