Nowadays, an object can be viewed both physically and virtually. In both cases, the visualization process consists in a continuous variation of the observer’s perspective. When looking at objects, visual interactivity is achieved by the tandem formed by human vision and the position of the observer. 3D technology allows the viewer to delve into this aspect: starting from a virtual reconstruction. It is possible to go from the virtual 3D reconstruction of a model shown on a display to a real element materialized by means of a scale model or prototype. The innovation of this research lies in the development of an efficient method for printing 3D models, with a specific emphasis on material and time savings. This study aims to obtain the three-dimensional physical model of the walled enclosure of the city of Priego de Córdoba in the Middle Ages, at its time of greatest historical development, i.e., in the late 15th century. To this end, 3D printing technology was applied, which is an innovative method for the realization of architectural scale models. The performance of 3D printers, with different printing formats, was evaluated in terms of efficiency and quality of the architectural scale models. Our theoretical assumption showed that material saving is determined by the orography slopes of the model. Obtaining slopes with values in the range of 1–5%, a large format printer is the most suitable option; in the range of 5–15%, the medium format printer is recommended; and, for a slope greater than 15%, the small format printer should be used.

In the area of zoology, it is of great interest to determine the degree of asymmetry existing in the different animal structures in order to establish it as a variable (biomarker). In this study, a new methodology is proposed for obtaining this variable ‘Asymmetry Index’. Forty-eight Iberian red deer antlers (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) from hunting reserves in the province of Jaen (Spain) have been used. The degree of asymmetry of their antlers between homologous points considered in the two right and left sides of each antler was obtained. The methodology is applied within a parametric Computer-Aided Design system from the photogrammetric restitution of the antler from two photographs. The procedure compares the degree of asymmetry in which the points of each of the right and left sides of the antler are found by means of lengths and angles with respect to an established reference plane based on the geometry of the specimen’s skull. As a result of the study, it has been observed that the Asymmetry Index obtained is lower in those specimens that have a high score in their hunting valuation, so it is considered that this factor can be taken into account as an objective and quantifiable indicator (biomarker).

In the field of biology, the ’biomarkers’ of the different animal species are of great relevance, as well as the relationships between them and the quality of the habitat. A study was proposed, analysing the antlers of the Iberian deer, to measure the bilateral asymmetry of its branches. The antlers are characterised in a 3D CAD model of their axial structure obtained via photogrammetric restitution from two photographs. This method quantifies the global and partial asymmetries of the antler’s structural features. The research evaluated 48 deer antlers from hunting days and taxidermy workshops. To quantify asymmetries, the measurements required are the same as those considered to assess the hunting quality of antlers. Bilateral deviations are estimated for each structural trait and the whole antler. Preliminary results showed a convergence between the values of global asymmetry and hunting quality. The methodology proved to be fast, inexpensive, and easy to implement, which facilitates its use in future asymmetry studies of other biological elements of animal or plant origin. It is only necessary that the starting data, which is the bilateral axial structure of the analysed element, is characterised in a 3D model.