The Galician shelf (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) is a highly dynamic area with an important multi-species fisheries industry that exploits resources from several habitats, characterized by being not only highly diverse, rich, and productive but also seasonally and interannually variable. Early life stages of different species are distributed throughout the year, with fluctuating abundances and community composition. Likewise, the influence of environmental factors and processes on larval production and survival remains unknown. Sampling was carried out in July 2012, and all the larvae obtained were identified to establish the specific composition of the community in a summer upwelling scenario. The results show no zonation in the species distribution, a consequence of the mixing effects of the upwelling and eddies, with high diversity but low abundance, which render in a slight predominance of a few species. Due to the dependence of planktonic populations on upwelling events, which was not highly pronounced in 2012, we cannot conclude that this was a typical conformation of the Galician summer larval fish community, but it is a first approach to comprehend the community composition.

In the context of globalization, 80% of world trade is conducted via the oceans. This implies that navigation constitutes not only one of the drivers of the global economy but also one of the factors with the greatest impact on marine ecosystems. From a technical navigation perspective, ships require mechanisms to stabilize themselves and their cargo, which is achieved by filling or emptying their bilges at will using ballast water. Large volumes of water are transported from departure ports to destination ports, indirectly carrying large quantities of microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic and are mostly considered invasive species. These organisms not only alter the ecosystems into which this water is discharged but also pose a threat to the very biodiversity of the oceans. Countries grouped around the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have been adopting measures to minimize the risks associated with the transport of organisms through the creation of legal mechanisms such as international conventions. This paper presents an analysis of the national legal mechanisms adopted over the past decades in Colombia (1980-2024) and the legal repercussions arising from the recent ratification and presidential sanction of the International Ballast Water Management Convention (BWM Convention) of 2004 through Law 2362 of 2024.