Objectives: Vaccination to the population is the most effective way to get rid of the COVID-19 pandemic, which currently has no effective treatment. For the high vaccine acceptance rate, it is important to determine the vaccine willingness of individuals and the barriers to vaccination. We aimed to determine the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine and the effect of attitudes, perception and beliefs on vaccination willingness among medical students. Methods: In February 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted online among medical student. A total of 734 medical students out of 980 medical students answered the questionnaire forms (response rate: 75.4%). The online questionnaire collected socio-demographic characteristics, attitudes, risk perception and beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine. Vaccine hesitancy, rejection and acceptance were determined by self-report of medical students. Results: Total of 739 medical students included study. Students declared that 60.1% (n = 444) of them to be willing to vaccinated, 14.2% (n = 105) refused and 25.7% (n = 190) were not sure. Covid-19 willingness to be vaccinated was higher in female (p = 0.005), clinical students (p < 0.001), those who ever tested for COVID-19 (p = 0.002), those who had covid-19 infection history in the family (p = 0.043), those who had COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine education (p = 0.001). Positive attitudes skor and higher knowledge scores were related with highly willingness to be vaccinated. High beliefs score (positive beliefs) was found to be associated with a higher willingness to be vaccinated (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although the majority of the study population willingness to be vaccinated, one-third of medical students are hesitant about vaccination. Education, positive attitude and beliefs are related to higher willingness to vaccination.The COVID-19 pandemic immunization programs should be designed to remove barriers to negative vaccine beliefs and perception.

Objectives: The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait thought to reflect prenatal exposure to sex hormones. 2D:4D has been proposed as a potential biomarker for various adult diseases, and evidence suggests that it may also predict cardiovascular disease risk. This study aimed to ascertain the 2D:4D of both hands in patients with hypertension and to determine whether there were any differences between this ratio and that of a control group.Methods: The study was carried out on 400 subjects with a hypertension diagnosis, 200 males and 200 females, and the same number of 400 healthy subjects. 2D:4D was calculated by measuring the lengths of both hands' second and fourth fingers for males and females. The height, weight, and mean body mass index were also calculated for the hypertension and control groups.Results: The mean BMI was significantly higher in the hypertension group, in the overweight category, whereas it was in the normal weight category in the control group (p < 0.001). The 2D:4D was significantly higher in both males and females with hypertension compared to controls. In males, the 2D:4D was elevated in both the right and left hands in the hypertension group compared to controls (p = 0.001). A similar trend was observed in females, with significantly higher 2D:4D in both hands in the hypertension group (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The 2D:4D may be regarded as a significant factor in determining a person's risk of hypertension from birth, allowing those in the risk group to lead more preventive lives.

The present study investigates the changes in M1/M2 macrophage polarization resulting from unilateral testicular torsion in the bilateral testis. The study sample included 63 male Sprague–Dawley rats, which were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 7): Control, Sham (4 h (4 h), 24 h, 7 days (7d), 14d), and Torsion/Detorsion (T/D) (4 h, 24 h, 7d, 14d). Histopathological evaluations revealed no changes in the Sham groups, while T/D was noted to cause edema, vascular occlusion, disruption of seminiferous tubule epithelial organization, germ cell abnormalities and structural anomalies in the experimental rats, the severity and extent of which increased from 4 h to 14d after T/D. The Cosentino scores used to determine the degree of histological damage were consistent with the histopathological findings in all groups, while the Johnsen scores, as a marker of spermatogenesis, were lower in the T/D groups. Seminiferous tubule diameters and germinal epithelial thickness decreased significantly in parallel with increased tubule damage in the ipsilateral testicles. Testicular torsion significantly affected sperm motility, with significant reductions observed in the T/D 7d and T/D 14d groups. A hormone profile analysis revealed decreased testosterone levels in both the Sham and T/D groups when compared to the Controls. CD68 and CD163 immunoreactivities, as M1 and M2 macrophage surface markers, were determined in the testicular tissue using the avidin–biotin-peroxidase complex method. T/D interventions caused M1/M2 macrophage polarization changes and increased M1 macrophages, particularly in contralateral testicular tissue. The increase in M1 macrophages in contralateral testicular tissue following T/D in the present study suggests that cell processes, including macrophages, may play an important role in contralateral testicular injury.

COVID-19 is the most devastating pandemic situation we have experienced in our age, affecting all systems. Although it affects all systems, it shows its most important effect through thrombophilia. Therefore, the possible cause of sudden death due to COVID-19 may be embolism caused by thrombophilia. D-dimer amounts increase due to COVID-19. The thrombosis is associated with sudden death in COVID-19 disease in populations. Since individuals with thrombophilia will be more prone to death due to COVID-19, it may be appropriate to administer low doses of Clexane ( Enoxaparin sodium ) or low-weight heparin for prophylactic purposes in order to consider these individuals at high risk and to prevent deaths. Moreover, in order not to risk the lives of healthcare professionals with thrombophilia, it would be appropriate to keep them away from individuals with COVID-19 disease and to employ them in different healthcare services according to their fields of expertise. It should also not be forgotten that different symptoms related to COVID-19 appear day by day, these different symptoms probably show that the virus has undergone mutations in order to survive, but no matter what, its effect on thrombophilia has not been eliminated yet. This compilation aims to present the reasons and causes of death due to COVID-19, possible treatment options, and thrombophilia panel tests and new parameters that may have a place in the meticulous interpretation of these tests and possible etiopathology in the light of current information. Therefore, presenting this information in a rational manner and keeping the parameters of the thrombophilia panel under strict control predict that the deaths due to the virus will be partially reduced.

The flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) is a very rare anomalous muscle that is usually asymptomatic but may cause various pathologies, such as radial-sided wrist pain. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of FCRB in the Turkish population, its location, and sex differences. Forearm, wrist, and hand magnetic resonance images of 849 individuals aged 18–65 years were retrospectively evaluated in this study. The survey found an FCRB prevalence of 4%, with a prevalence of 3.6% among women and of 4.7% among men. However, the difference between the sexes was not statistically significant (p = 0.629). The origin of all 34 FCRBs identified was the distal third of the anterior aspect of the radius; the insertion site of 28 was the second metacarpal bone, whereas that of the remaining 6 was the os trapezium. In conclusion, the data of this study report the prevalence of FCRB for the first time in the Turkish population, which will contribute to radiological and surgical evaluations in the region and help in early and accurate diagnosis of various pathological conditions that may be caused by FCRB.