Objectives: The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait thought to reflect prenatal exposure to sex hormones. 2D:4D has been proposed as a potential biomarker for various adult diseases, and evidence suggests that it may also predict cardiovascular disease risk. This study aimed to ascertain the 2D:4D of both hands in patients with hypertension and to determine whether there were any differences between this ratio and that of a control group.Methods: The study was carried out on 400 subjects with a hypertension diagnosis, 200 males and 200 females, and the same number of 400 healthy subjects. 2D:4D was calculated by measuring the lengths of both hands' second and fourth fingers for males and females. The height, weight, and mean body mass index were also calculated for the hypertension and control groups.Results: The mean BMI was significantly higher in the hypertension group, in the overweight category, whereas it was in the normal weight category in the control group (p < 0.001). The 2D:4D was significantly higher in both males and females with hypertension compared to controls. In males, the 2D:4D was elevated in both the right and left hands in the hypertension group compared to controls (p = 0.001). A similar trend was observed in females, with significantly higher 2D:4D in both hands in the hypertension group (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The 2D:4D may be regarded as a significant factor in determining a person's risk of hypertension from birth, allowing those in the risk group to lead more preventive lives.

Background: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an otolaryngologic emergency that, if left untreated, may result in permanent hearing loss. Our aim was to investigate the morphological effects in areas known as auditory centers in patients with idiopathic SSNHL (ISSNHL). Materials and Methods: In this study, magnetic resonance imaging’s (MRIs) of 22 patients with ISSNHL (study group) and 31 patients without ISSNHL and any neurological disorder (control group) between January 2013 and January 2021 in a tertiary university hospital were retrospectively evaluated in which the volumes and percentages of gray and white matters of the brain, temporal lobe, and brainstem were calculated with an online MRI brain volumetry system known as fully automatic pipeline (vol2Brain). Results: It was found that the brain areas known as the hearing center had a smaller volume in patients with ISSHNL than in normal individuals. Age and gender were found to be effective in volumetric calculations. Conclusıon: Studies that can preserve brain volume for patients with ISSNHL can be included in treatment practices. More literature and clinical research are needed as there is no proven treatment for ISSNHL. Our study findings will support the literature in this regard.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of acrylamide (AA) on the hippocampus and the potential protective effects of curcumin (CUR), a potent antioxidant, to attenuate these effects. Despite the lack of information in the literature regarding the volumetric effects of AA on the hippocampus, our study aimed to clarify this issue through stereological measurements, alongside histological and biochemical analyses. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (∼250 g) were allocated into four groups: Control, AA, CUR, and AA + CUR. Both AA (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and CUR (300 mg/kg, orally via gavage) were administered daily for 12 consecutive days. Following the treatment period, tissue samples were collected. Stereological, histological, and biochemical analyses were performed on the hippocampal tissue. Result: Comparison of AA experimental groups data and control group data revealed that while the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus increased significantly, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. The results showed that CUR was effective on these levels. Histopathologically, neurons exhibited degeneration and hemorrhagic damages. According to the Cavalieri calculation, a stereological method applied to the experimental groups, no significant variation was found between the groups. Conclusions: We determined that CUR minimizes the possible toxic effects of AA on the rat hippocampus. When the hippocampus areas were examined stereologically, we determined that it wasn’t affected from this relation. We think that this was due to the short duration of our study.

Objective: The brain is one of the main elements of the central nervous system and is protected within the bone structure formed by the skull bones. The nervous system and endocrine system play a fundamental role in maintaining brain homeostasis. The brain; How are the wastes that occur as a result of these biochemical events eliminated when it has such basic and important tasks? Until 2012, it was thought that there was no lymphatic system in the brain. Our aim with this literature review is to make it easier to find answers to these questions. Materials and Methods: For this review research, the existing literature was systematically reviewed in terms of the glymphatic system. Results: The glymphatic system is the brain’s waste clearance mechanism. Many anatomical structures are involved in the glymphatic system. Astrocytes and aquaporin-4 channels were the most notable of these. Conclusions: The glymphatic system is a waste clearing mechanism in the brain that has many important function mechanisms. Although it has been the subject of current research with human and animal experiments in recent years, it is still an area that preserves its mystery. Although it has been the subject of current research with human and animal experiments in recent years, it is still an area that remains mysterious. Disruption of this system is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. We believe that this system, which plays a vital role in brain health, should be the subject of more scientific research to clarify its functioning mechanism.

Bu çalışmada, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin anatomi eğitimine ilişkin görüşlerinin, dersi almakta olan ve tamamlamış iki ayrı öğrenci grubunda karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı (etik onay: 2018/4-26). Çalışmaya, anatomi eğitimine devam eden Dönem II (n=89) ve eğitimi tamamlamış Dönem III (n=81) öğrencileri dâhil edildi. Veriler, 5’li Likert ölçeğine dayalı yapılandırılmış, analizlerde Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılmış, p

I read with great interest and attention article titled ''Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and protective effects of kefir on cyclophosphamide-upon oxidative stress and lung damage in rats'' by Yıldız et al., which was published in the 5th volume 1st issue of Bingöl University Health Journal in 2024. In this letter, I would like to state that the protective effects of kefir on oxidative stress and tissue damage were successfully demonstrated in the study. However, the fact that only TOS, TAS and histopathological scoring analyses were performed in the study may be a limitation in terms of supporting the findings at the mechanism level. In order to increase the scientific rigor of the study, it may be suggested to add more detailed biochemical and molecular level analyses for antioxidant defense system (e.g. SOD, CAT, GPx activities) or inflammation markers in the future. I would like to thank the authors for their valuable contributions and look forward to future developments in this field.