The textile sector is 14% of total industrial production in India and contributes to about 4% of the gross domestic product and earns about 27% of India's total foreign exchange. Worldwide, up to 10,000 dyes are available and their annual production is above 7 × 10⁵ metric tons, which are being used not only in textile sector but also applied in paper, food and pharmaceutical industries. Textile industries in India have been consuming more than 100 L of water to process 1 kg of textiles, and have contributed heavily in polluting surface and ground water resources in many regions of the country. The toxic and carcinogenic effect of untreated textile effluent is well understood. The decolorization and detoxification of industrial dye effluents is most important aspect and is major concern to meet environmental regulations. This paper presents a review of literature on the significance of bioremediation technologies over other physico-chemical methods for efficient removal of textile dyes from industrial waste effluents to improve the fragile ecosystems in different regions of the world. The present review paper (a) symbolizes the applications of existing conventional physical and chemical approaches for the decolorization/degradation of textile dyes, (b) describes their merits and demerits, (c) emphasizes on the existing literature on microbial decolorization of textile dyes precisely by using bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic conditions), fungi and algae, and (d) involvement of various enzymes from different biological sources for the decolorization of various textile dyes and their mechanism of action. Over the years, researchers have developed several bioremediation technologies to treat textile effluents, but little effort has been made to put the entire literature review of these technologies in one refereed paper, our review paper is an attempt to compile the existing information on various treatment technologies of textile effluent, so that these technologies can be shared widely for site specific situations.

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has gained a lot of interest in the last few years for the process production of hydrochar from the different kinds of bio

A long-term poultry manure fertilizer study was initiated in 1998 and continued until 2009 under corn-soybean (CS) rotation. To match changing landscape trends, the plots were switched to continuous corn (CC) from 2010 to 2017. In both CS and CC phases, poultry manure (PM) was applied at the crop rotation recommended agronomic N rate and either half (CC phase) or double (CS phase) the recommended rate. Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) was applied to comparison plots at the crop recommended application rate (168 kg N ha-1 and 224 kg N ha-1 for the CS and CC phases, respectively) throughout the study. The objectives of this study include evaluation of the economic benefits of long-term PM application at various rates (PM2, PM, and PM0.5), and the impact of poultry manure application on soil health and nutrient levels, crop yield, and drainage water quality. Lower NO3-N concentrations were reported in drainage from PM treated plots when compared to UAN fertilizer applied at the same agronomic rate. Of the parameters tested for soil health analysis after twenty years of repeat application, particulate organic matter (POM) present was significantly greater in the PM treated soils (6.1-6.7 g kg soil-1) when compared to UAN plots (4.6 g kg soil-1), showing potential for stabilized soil particles, increased infiltration and water-holding capacity. The results show a consistent positive impact of manure application on corn and soybean yields when compared to yields observed in UAN treated plots. During the CS phase, we estimated the same average revenue per dollar spent for PM and UAN treatments, while the average return rate for PM2 was 1% lower; during CC phase,15% increased return rates were observed when PM0.5 and PM were compared against the UAN treatment. When managed properly, PM application to cropland is a sustainable option for diversifying agroecosystems, improving soil health and improving farm economics.

Indonesia is likely to face a water crisis due to mismanagement of water resources, inefficient water systems, and weak institutions and regulatory organizations. In 2020, most of the fresh water in Indonesia was used for irrigation (74%) to support the agricultural sector, which occupies 30% of the total land area in Indonesia. Of all agricultural commodities, rice is one of the major and essential commodities, as it is the basic staple food for almost every Indonesian. However, in 2018, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MoPWH) reported that 46% of Indonesian irrigation infrastructure is moderately to heavily damaged. Looking at how irrigation can be very crucial to the welfare of Indonesian population, this study conducted an extensive literature review of the historical, current, and future management of irrigated rice production systems in Indonesia. This study has clearly shown that the irrigation systems in Indonesia have existed for thousands of years and, thus, there is a close relationship between irrigation and the socio-cultural life of the Indonesian population. Aside from how climate change influences water availability for irrigation, rice production with a constant water ponding system has been found to contribute to climate change, as it emits methane (CH₄) and other greenhouse gases from agricultural fields of Indonesia. Therefore, the required modernization of irrigation systems in Indonesia needs to consider several factors, such as food demands for the increasing population and the impact of irrigated agriculture on global warming. Multi-stakeholders, such as the government, farmers, water user associations (WUA), and local research institutions, need to work together on the modernization of irrigation systems in Indonesia to meet the increasing food demands of the growing population and to minimize the impacts of agriculture on climate change.

The potential for groundwater contamination at a given location is influenced strongly by the hydraulic properties (K) of the soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of field cultivation in a no-till soil on the variability of infiltration rates, fractional porosity distribution, and soil hydraulic conductivity during the growing season. Infiltration rates were measured at different tensions using tension infiltrometers in two no-till plots with cultivation (cultivated) and two no-till plots without cultivation (uncultivated) at two different depths (soil surface and 0.15-m depth). Tension infiltrometer readings were taken at four soil water tensions (0-, 30-, 60-, and 90-mm) and at three different times during the growing season (July, August, and September). Results of this study showed that infiltration rates at 0-mm water tension were significantly larger than infiltration rates at the three other tensions for all plots. The data on infiltration rates show that under saturated flow conditions, macropore flow is a significant pathway for water infiltration. For the cultivated plots, 70 to 80% of the saturated flux at the soil surface occurred though macropores. At 0.15-m depth for the same plots, there was a decrease in macropore flow during the growing season(from 69% in July to 44% in September). However, in the uncultivated plots, macropore flow increased (by almost 52%) at the soil surface during the growing season. In the uncultivated plots, macroporosity increased with time at the soil surface. During the latter part of the growing season, macroporosity values for no-till plots with cultivation were very similar to those of no-till plots without cultivation. The effect of cultivation disappeared with time during the growing season. Although there was great variability in the saturated K values, K values at the surface remained constant in the cultivated plots at the beginning of the growing season and increased during the latter part of the growing season. In the plots without cultivation, there was an increase in the surface-saturated K values from July through September.