The large V_oc deficit of kesterite solar cell mainly comes from the defective surface caused by multi-phase fusion grain growth; direct phase transformation grain growth produces high quality absorber with clean surface and thus high device V_oc.

The weak Sn–O coordination bonds in Sn(DMF)₂Cl₄ result in the formation of a kesterite phased (Cu₂ZnSnS₄) precursor film and thus fabrication of a highly efficient Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ absorber from DMF solution.

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices which have the potential of integrating high energy of lithium-ion batteries and high power and long cycling life of supercapacitors into one system. However, the current LICs could only provide high power density at the cost of low energy density due to the sluggish Li⁺ diffusion and/or low electrical conductivity of the anode materials. Moreover, the serious capacity and kinetics imbalances between anode and cathode result in not only inferior rate performance but also unsatisfactory cycling stability. Therefore, designing high-power and structure stable anode materials is of great significance for practical LICs. Under this circumstance, graphene-based materials have been intensively explored as anodes in LICs due to their unique structure and outstanding electrochemical properties and attractive achievements have been made. In this review, the recent progresses of graphene-based anode materials for LICs are systematically summarized. Their synthesis procedure, structure and electrochemical performance are discussed with a special focus on the role of graphene. Finally, the outlook and remaining challenges are presented with some constructive guidelines for future research.