Emerging pests are increasingly threatening fruit orchard health across the Mediterranean area. Tephritidae, representing serious threats for Europe, are numerous, and the fruit flies Bactrocera zonata and those belonging to Bactrocera dorsalis complex are among the most alarming species. These species are highly polyphagous and B. zonata has already spread to some Mediterranean countries. Due to these ongoing threats, in the Campania Region (southern Italy), a survey with traps and infested fruits analysis was performed with the aim of detecting the presence of species of Bactrocera dorsalis complex. In two mixed fruit-trees fields, some adults belonging to a species of Bactrocera were captured in traps baited with the highly attractive male lure (methyl eugenol). They were distinguished from similar-looking Bactrocera spp. by morphological and molecular comparative analyses. Considering the existing morphological keys, specimens were tentatively identified as B. dorsalis but molecular characterization with COI split them into two clades. Some specimens were grouped with B. dorsalis similar to B. kandiensis and B. kandiensis and others in a clade including B. dorsalis and B. invadens (syn. B. dorsalis). ITS1 sequences instead confirmed morphological identification. The integrative approach allowed identifying all the specimens collected as belonging to the B. dorsalis complex. This finding represents the first field interception in Europe of a member of one of the most dangerous groups of fruit flies.

Megaphragma species are important models for basic organismal research, and many are potential biological control agents. We present the first extensive revision of species of the genus Megaphragma based on morphological and molecular data. Our revision includes all previously described species, 6 of which are synonymized, and 22 of which are described here as new. We also provide the first key to all species of the genus and reconstruct their phylogeny based on 28S and CO1 molecular markers. The following species are synonymized with M. longiciliatum Subba Rao: M. aligarhensis Yousuf and Shafee syn. nov.; M. amalphitanum Viggiani syn. nov.; M. decochaetum Lin syn. nov.; M. magniclava Yousuf and Shafee syn. nov.; M. shimalianum Hayat syn. nov.M. anomalifuniculi Yuan and Lou syn. nov. is synonymized with M. polychaetum Lin. The following species are described as new: M. antecessor Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. breviclavum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. chienleei Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. cockerilli Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. digitatum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. fanenitrakely Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. funiculatum Fusu, Polaszek, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. giraulti Viggiani, Fusu, and Polaszek sp. nov.; M. hansoni Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. kinuthiae Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. liui Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. momookherjeeae Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. nowickii Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. noyesi Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. pintoi Viggiani sp. nov.; M. polilovi Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. rivelloi Viggiani sp. nov.; M. tamoi Polaszek, Fusu, and Viggiani sp. nov.; M. tridens Fusu, and Polaszek sp. nov.; M. uniclavum Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. vanlentereni Polaszek and Fusu sp. nov.; M. viggianii Fusu, Polaszek, and Polilov sp. nov.

The larval stages of Dryokosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu are described and illustrated. The terminal-instar larva shows marked variation in the mandibular asymmetry and in number and position of the respiratory spiracles. Notes on the larval phenology are given.

The following new genera and species are described: Adryas indica sp. nov., Chaetogramma (Chaetogrammina) asensillatum sp. nov., Chaetostricha brevifuniculata sp. nov., Chaetostricha huberi sp. nov., Haeckeliania africana sp. nov., Haeckeliania bicornis sp. nov., Haeckeliania brevimarginata sp. nov., Haeckeliania densiciliata sp. nov., Haeckeliania ipersensillata sp. nov., Haeckeliania longiterebrata sp.nov., Haeckeliania macrosensillata sp. nov., Haeckeliania malaysiana sp. nov., Haeckeliania pachivenata sp. nov., Haeckeliania trilongisensillata sp. nov., Hayatia longicornis sp. nov., Hydrophylita pacifica sp. nov., Indonesiagramma bistigmatum gen. nov., sp. nov., Masnerigramma sinicum gen. nov., sp. nov., Oligosita dolichogaster sp. nov., Oligosita kenyota sp.nov., Oligosita microciliata sp. nov., Probrachista biclavata sp. nov., Probrachista longiciliata sp. nov., Probrachista triclavata sp. nov., Pseudogrammina bifasciatipenne sp. nov., Pseudogrammina longifrangiata sp. nov., Pseudoligosita biclavata sp. nov., Pseudoligosita ipersensillata sp. nov., Pseudoligosita macrosensillata sp. nov., Trichogramma unicum sp. nov. New data and records are reported for Chaetogramma caudata (De Santis) and Probrachista nepalensis Viggiani.

An integrative study on some species of Asphondylia was carried out. Two species of gall midges from Italy, Asphondylia rivelloi sp. nov. and Asphondylia micromeriae sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), causing flower galls respectively on Clinopodium vulgare and Micromeria graeca (Lamiaceae), are described and illustrated. The characteristics of each developmental stage and induced galls are described, which allowed the discrimination of these new species in the complex of Asphondylia developing on Lamiaceae plants. Molecular data based on sequencing both nuclear (ITS2 and 28S-D2) and mitochondrial (COI) genes are also provided in support of this discrimination. Phylogeny based on nuclear markers is consistent with the new species, whereas COI phylogeny suggests introgression occurring between the two species. However, these species can also be easily identified using a morphological approach. Phenology of host plants and gall midges are described, and some peculiar characteristics allow the complete and confident discrimination and revision of the treated species. Gall-associated fungi were identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea,Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium spp.

The cosmopolitan genus Anagrus Haliday is one of the largest in Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), and includes very common egg parasitoids, mostly of leafhoppers. The smallest species (body length: 0.4–0.6 mm) are found in the atomus species group. This group at present includes about 20 species worldwide. Anagrus atomus (Linnaeus) is among the most common species in the Palaearctic region. Other populations very similar in morphology and biology to this species are also widespread and associated with several leafhoppers infesting wild and cultivated plants (Matteucig & Viggiani 2008). Some specimens of these populations were identified as A. ustulatus Haliday by Chiappini (1989), who presumably followed Graham (1982).