Electric Vehicles (EVs) reliance on batteries, which currently have lower energy and power densities than liquid fuels and are prone to aging and performance degradation over time, restricts their mainstream adoption. With applications like electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage, effective management of lithium-ion batteries is a vital enabler for a low-carbon future. Monitoring the battery’s condition of health and charge over the lifetime of an EV is, therefore, a highly pertinent issue. Battery Management Systems (BMS) are used during the operation of EVs to monitor, estimate and control battery states to ensure that batteries can function effectively and safely. Additionally, the materials composition, system design, and operating circumstances substantially impact a battery’s usable life, making it more challenging to govern and maintain battery systems. This work proposes the structure of a battery digital twin-based battery for the electronic vehicle, which has the potential to enhance BMS situational awareness greatly and enable the optimal functioning of battery storage units. Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence (AI) present an opportunity and offer a Digital Twin (DT) of the EV battery as a solution to the difficulty of onboard computation for the incremental State Of Health (SOH) and State Of Charge (SOC) based on Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to predict the state estimate. The battery’s condition has been determined by using the EKF, which can provide vital information for maintenance. The battery’s usable life can be extended with an accurate estimate of the SOC to continue then a learning-based prediction approach to gauge the battery’s health state is suggested in order to increase battery life. A SOC model is frequently retrained to depict the effects of aging, and a SOH model is often performed to foretell the reduction in the highest battery capacity. According to a result, DT models are useful for managing batteries, and full life cycle statistics are important for planning the battery’s upgrade path.

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) of lithium-ion batteries has garnered significant attention in recent years due to their widespread application as energy supplies in various industrial equipment, including automated guided vehicles and battery Electric Vehicles (EVs). Accurately estimating these batteries’ Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is crucial for ensuring optimal performance, preempting unexpected failures, and minimizing maintenance costs. This article focuses on the importance of RUL prediction for lithium-ion batteries and its implications in predictive maintenance. We suggest a novel method based on machine learning techniques using optimization parameters to predict the RUL of lithium-ion batteries accurately. Our approach uses several battery performance variables, such as voltage, current, and temperature, to build a prediction model to anticipate the battery’s RUL precisely. We compare the performance of our suggested process with existing models for battery RUL prediction, incorporating Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) for hyperparameter tuning. We evaluate the performance of our approach on a dataset of lithium-ion batteries and compare it with other related methods. On a dataset of lithium-ion batteries, we assess our method’s effectiveness and contrast it with other relevant techniques. The proposed method achieves high accuracy in predicting RUL, as evidenced by low values of metrics such as MAE, MSE, RMSE, MAPE, R ² , and NMRSE. Also, it achieves high R ² scores of 0.979 and 0.971 for the training and testing data, suggesting the model’s high effectiveness in predicting the RUL of batteries.

The battery management system in an electric vehicle must be reliable and durable to forecast the state of charge. Considering that battery degradation is generally nonlinear, state of charge (SOC) estimation with lower degradation can be challenging. Lithium-ion batteries are highly dependent on the knowledge of aging, which is usually costly or not available online. In this paper, we suggest the state of charge estimation of lithium-ion battery systems by using an extreme gradient boosting algorithm for electric vehicles application, which acquires the nonlinear relationship model can with offline training. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm is the tree on based learning, which effectively performs and speeds. Voltage-time data used as an input of this system from the partial constant current phase; the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy of predicting the relevant. Additionally, no initial state of charge is required in our proposed method; thus, estimating the state of charge can consider each battery state.

The instability and variable lifetime are the benefits of high efficiency and low-cost issues in lithium-ion batteries.An accurate equipment’s remaining useful life prediction is essential for successful requirement-based maintenance to improve dependability and lower total maintenance costs. However, it is challenging to assess a battery’s working capacity, and specific prediction methods are unable to represent the uncertainty. A scientific evaluation and prediction of a lithium-ion battery’s state of health (SOH), mainly its remaining useful life (RUL), is crucial to ensuring the battery’s safety and dependability over its entire life cycle and preventing as many catastrophic accidents as feasible. Many strategies have been developed to determine the prediction of the RUL and SOH of lithium-ion batteries, including particle filters (PFs). This paper develops a novel PF-based technique for lithium-ion battery RUL estimation, combining a Kalman filter (KF) with a PF to analyze battery operating data. The PF method is used as the core, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is used as the observation RUL battery prediction. Due to the powerful nonlinear fitting capabilities, XGBoost is used to map the connection between the retrieved features and the RUL. The life cycle testing aims to gather precise and trustworthy data for RUL prediction. RUL prediction results demonstrate the improved accuracy of our suggested strategy compared to that of other methods. The experiment findings show that the suggested technique can increase the accuracy of RUL prediction when applied to a lithium-ion battery’s cycle life data set. The results demonstrate the benefit of the presented method in achieving a more accurate remaining useful life prediction.

Global warming, a significant outcome of climate change, exerts detrimental effects on the daily lives of individuals and industries. As a result, there is an increased demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs) to reduce carbon emissions contributing to climate change. This shift underscores the critical need for accurate estimation of the State of Charge (SoC) in battery systems, which is essential for optimizing EVs' performance and ensuring effective energy utilization. This paper introduces a methodically constructed and tested SoC prediction model utilizing a comprehensive dataset derived from various driving cycles and battery records. The battery performance of EVs was assessed in our study. The essence of our innovation resides in the meticulous choice of representative driving cycles, effectively replicating real-world conditions. This methodology improves the model's capacity to apply to various driving patterns and conditions. During these cycles, a comprehensive set of battery data, encompassing voltage, current, temperature, and SoC, was systematically documented to facilitate thorough analysis. To achieve superior accuracy and robustness, our predictive model considers the strengths of the Extra Tree Regressor (ETR) and Light Gradient Boosting algorithms. Our experimental results demonstrate the remarkable performance of the ETR model in predicting SoC, surpassing the LightGBM model. The ETR model exhibited higher R 2 values of 0.9983 and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.62, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.085, and Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.39 values, underscoring its superiority. The research emphasizes the considerable significance of battery capacity in effectively predicting the SoC of EVs. Our research highlights the significant importance of battery capacity in accurately forecasting the SoC of EVs. The proposed model facilitates accurate SoC predictions, improving energy management in EVs to optimize battery utilization and support informed decisions toward sustainable mobility.