The COVID-19 pandemic has hugely impacted global public health and economy. The COVID-19 has also shown potential impacts on maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence from existing systematic reviews about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections on maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, from 1 December 2019 to 7 July 2021, for published review studies that included case reports, primary studies, clinical practice guidelines, overviews, case-control studies, and observational studies. Systematic reviews that reported the plausibility of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 (also known as vertical transmission), maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes, and review studies that addressed the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy were also included. We identified 947 citations, of which 69 studies were included for further analysis. Most (>70%) of the mother-to-child infection was likely due to environmental exposure, although a significant proportion (about 20%) was attributable to potential vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Further results of the review indicated that the mode of delivery of pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 could not increase or decrease the risk of infection for the newborns (outcomes), thereby emphasizing the significance of breastfeeding. The issue of maternal perinatal and neonatal outcomes with SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to worsen during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, increasing maternal and neonatal mortality, stillbirth, ruptured ectopic pregnancies, and maternal depression. Based on this study, we observed increasing rates of cesarean delivery from mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also found that SARS-CoV-2 could be potentially transmitted vertically during the gestation period. However, more data are needed to further investigate and follow-up, especially with reports of newborns infected with SARS-CoV-2, in order to examine a possible long-term adverse effect.

Natural ventilation of building provides improvement of internal comfort and air quality conditions leading to a significant reduction of cool-ing energy consumption. Design of natural ventilation systems for many types of building is based on buoyancy forces. However, external wind flow can have significant effects on buoyancy- driven natural ventilation. The paper was concerned with transient investigation of airflow through two vents in the absence of opposing flow in the upper opening. A flow of this type represents a new class of boundary- layer flow problems in the building. Moreover, this is an exact solution of the complete Navier- Stokes Equations (including, buoyancy force term), which were then Non Dimensionalised using some dimensionless parameters and then solved analytically by separation of variable methods in which, the behavior of parameters in the results were predicts the velocity, temperature profiles together with volumetric airflow and mass transfer. The results were then evaluated numerically for several sets of values of the parameters in order to ascertain the best for optimal ventilation.