During electrodialysis the ion exchange membranes are affected by such factors as passage of electric current, heating, tangential flow of solution and exposure to chemical agents. It can potentially cause the degradation of ion exchange groups and of polymeric backbone, worsening the performance of the process and necessitating the replacement of the membranes. This article aims to review how the composition and the structure of ion exchange membranes change during the electrodialysis or the studies imitating it.

The transition to renewable energy is strongly affected by legal regulation. To increase the efficiency of the introduction of renewable energy into the energy systems of component states of federations and accelerate the energy transition, it is necessary to carry out systematic work to improve regional legislation in this area. The purpose of this study was to analyze the current regulatory legal acts on the renewable energy of the regions of a number of countries such as the USA, Germany, India, Switzerland and Russia in order to form a universal list of issues that need regulation at the regional level. The main methods for achieving the objectives set in this study were the comparative legal method and the method of analysis and synthesis. As a result, a number of recommendations were developed describing how legal relations primarily need to be regulated by regional legislation, and examples of different approaches to their settlement were presented. The issues in need of legal regulation were divided into three groups according to the degree of importance of their regulation by the legislation of the component state of the federation. Further development of this study will be aimed at identifying the most effective industrial practices for resolving each of the issues included in the compiled list which will help improve the efficiency of regional legal regulation of renewable energy.

Effective use of renewable energy requires a system of energy legislation that meets modern challenges. Although, in large countries, climate and socioeconomic factors in different regions can significantly vary and can affect the regional legislation regulating renewable energy sources, careful reproduction of good practices and successful experiences of other regions are a good basis for the development of legislation. The comparative method of legal research was the main method used to achieve the objectives set in this study. Based on the results, a number of recommendations were developed to consolidate and expand the powers of regional regulators in the field of renewable energy, to include an economic assessment of the effectiveness of state programs, to use tax incentives for renewable energy projects, and to introduce restrictions on the use of petroleum products. Recommendations were also made to improve regional legislation on renewable energy sources in terms of legal techniques. Further development of this study would contribute to the improvement of regional legal regulation and would accelerate the transition to “green” energy.

Layer-by-layer adsorption allows the creation of versatile functional coatings for ion exchange membranes, but the stability of the coating and resulting properties of modified membranes in their operation is a frequently asked question. This paper examines the changes in voltammetric curves of layer-by-layer coated cation exchange membranes and pH-metry of desalination chamber with a studied membrane and an auxiliary anion exchange membrane after short-term tests, including over-limiting current modes. The practical operation of the membranes did not affect the voltammetric curves, but enhanced the generation of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions in a system with polyethylenimine modified membrane in Ca²⁺ containing solution. It is shown that a distinction between the voltammetric curves of the membranes modified and the different polyamines persists during the operation and that, in the case of polyethylenimine, there is an additional zone of growth of potential drop in voltammetric curves and stronger generation of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions as indicated by pH-metry.

The features of agricultural energy in the Krasnodar Territory are considered and two main problems are identified: the shortage of generating capacities and the remoteness of low-power consumers from centralized networks, for the solution of which renewable energy sources, including solar energy, can be used. The use of solar power plants at the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the region has been substantiated. The importance of automating the process of assessing the territory suitable for the placement of solar power facilities and the features of its implementation are substantiated. Criteria have been obtained that influence the choice of the optimal option for placing solar power facilities, based on the methodology for calculating the power and the amount of generated energy. The features of calculating the matrix of spatial characteristics for renewable energy facilities in the Krasnodar Territory are shown. An algorithm for creating a matrix of spatial data and an algorithm for choosing the optimal option for placing solar power plants are presented. The use of a high-level programming language Python is proposed to implement the created algorithm. The conclusion is made about the possibility of automating the process of assessing the efficiency of the placement of solar power plants in the Krasnodar Territory using modern computing technology in the format of a geoformation application developed in the Python programming language.

The issues of creating and maintaining optimal microclimatic conditions inside the buildings of protected ground due to the energy obtained from renewable energy sources are considered. The analysis of the growing conditions of the most popular crops in the Krasnodar Territory, grown in greenhouses, has been carried out. The graphs of the dependence of the duration of supplementary lighting and heating of the greenhouse depending on the season and type of agricultural crop are shown. Variants of greenhouse energy supply through the use of renewable energy sources are proposed. The calculation of the environmental benefits from the use of renewable energy sources has been carried out.