The rising number of homes and apartments rented out through Airbnb and similar peer-to-peer accommodation platforms cause concerns about the impact of such activity on the tourism sector and property market. To date, spatial analysis on peer-to-peer rental activity has been usually limited in scope to individual large cities. In this study, we take into account the whole territory of Spain, with special attention given to cities and regions with high tourist activity. We use a dataset of about 250 thousand Airbnb listings in Spain obtained from the Airbnb webpage, aggregate the numbers of these offers in 8124 municipalities and 79 tourist areas/sites, measure their concentration, spatial autocorrelation, and develop regression models to find the determinants of Airbnb rentals’ distribution. We conclude that apart from largest cities, Airbnb is active in holiday destinations of Spain, where it often serves as an intermediary for the rental of second or investment homes and apartments. The location of Airbnb listings is mostly determined by the supply of empty or secondary dwellings, distribution of traditional tourism accommodation, coastal location, and the level of internationalization of tourism demand.

There is now a renaissance of interest in Poland’s urban regions, including the Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) and this can be considered due to a change from the administrative and sectoral approach dominating planning for regional development in the direction of a functional one. This paper presents an overview of the concepts related to FUAs and related issues, as well as methods referred to in the Polish literature when it comes to the delimitation of urban-related areas. It then goes on to propose a new delimitation of urban functional areas extending to the entire territory of the country. FUAs were delimited as nodal regions on the basis of a criterion of functional linkage – commuting and migration exchange (population check-in and check-out), using the additional criterion of maximum temporal distance. The results of the prepared means of drawing distinctions showed how the daily life of Poland's population is organised in relation to a relatively large number of diverse "micro-regions." The number of classified FUAs (413) is similar to the number of county-level administrative units known as poviats (380), while these units are characterised by different sizes and spatial extents. The work is in line with the demand for those engaging in spatial and strategic planning to think in terms of functional areas.

The article presents the results of the spatial analysis of Polish private agricultural holdings with agriculture-related business activity. The studies involved 1.8 million agricultural holdings categorised into three groups by the dominant source of income (constituting over 50% of all the incomes of the holding), i.e.: incomes from agriculture-related activity; incomes from work in non-agricultural sector (hired work or connected with non-agricultural business activity); and incomes from old-age pensions, disability pensions or other unearned incomes. These percentages were analysed individually or in form of composite index and they were characterised by significant differences in the spatial distribution, which was due to the impact of several conditions – particularly: historical and agrarian determinants, as well as the absorption level of the CAP funds. It emerged that the natural conditions do not wield any remarkable influence on the incomes recorded in agricultural holdings in Poland, which derives from the fact that in the areas with less favourable natural conditions animal production is better-developed and members of an agricultural holding are engaged in more non-agricultural professional activities.The analysis showed a non-negligible diversification in the income structure of agricultural holdings in Poland. What can prove the progressing multi-functional development of agricultural holdings is a low rank of farms where incomes are generated mostly by agriculture-related activities, which is particularly conspicuous upon comparison with the percentage of agricultural holdings with incomes from work in non-agricultural sectors. An increase was also observed in the share of agricultural holdings with incomes made up of old-age pensions, disability pensions and other unearned incomes. It points to the ongoing process of ageing in rural population, which requires setting and meeting new objectives in the domain of social policy, especially with regard to provision of care for the elderly.

Celem opracowania jest określenie możliwości wykorzystania zróżnicowanych typologii obszarów wiejskich do wyjaśnienia procesów rozwojowych, a w dalszej kolejności do kształtowania polityki rozwojowej na obszarach wewnętrznych peryferii. W artykule zaprezentowano rozmieszczenie przestrzenne wewnętrznych peryferii w Polsce oraz przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą uzyskanego rozkładu z wynikami wybranych podziałów obszarów wiejskich. Interpretacja otrzymanych wyników pozwala wnioskować, że zasadne jest odejście od kategoryzowania tych obszarów według ich poziomu wiejskości lub miejskości na rzecz pomiaru lokalnego kapitału terytorialnego w myśl koncepcji rozwoju wielofunkcyjnego. Koncepcja wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich ma natomiast duże znaczenie w wyjaśnianiu procesów rozwojowych i programowaniu interwencji rozwojowej na obszarze wewnętrznych peryferii.

The EU’s cohesion policy is a fundamental component of intervention policies in united Europe. Its primary goal is to reduce the scale of spatial differences in development by striving to improve economic, social, and territorial cohesion. The outcomes of the actions implemented to date have been unsatisfactory. This underperformance is the basis for the ongoing discussion in Europe about the future paradigm of post-2027 cohesion policy. This article systematises the challenges and proposes recommendations concerning the actions of EU cohesion policy that should be considered in the new paradigm of this public intervention, enhancing its effectiveness and efficiency during a period of strong pressure from external development shocks, especially in less-developed areas such as inner peripheries. Its unique value is constructed on two fundamental factors. Firstly, the presented results are the outcome of qualitative field research, providing unique empirically factual material. Secondly, they concern the processes occurring in relation to the territories of the member state that is the largest beneficiary of EU cohesion policy, Poland, which is often regarded as a specific laboratory for cohesion policy.