Smart agriculture technologies are effective instruments for increasing farm sustainability and production. They generate many spatial, temporal, and time-series data streams that, when analysed, can reveal several issues on farm productivity and efficiency. In this context, the detection of anomalies can help in the identification of observations that deviate from the norm. This paper proposes an adaptation of an ensemble anomaly detector called enhanced locally selective combination in parallel outlier ensembles (ELSCP). On this basis, we define an unsupervised data-driven methodology for smart-farming temporal data that is applied in two case studies. The first considers harvest data including combine-harvester Global Positioning System (GPS) traces. The second is dedicated to crop data where we study the link between crop state (damaged or not) and detected anomalies. Our experiments show that our methodology achieved interesting performance with Area Under the Curve of Precision-Recall (AUCPR) score of 0.972 in the combine-harvester dataset, which is $58.7\%$ better than that of the second-best approach. In the crop dataset, our analysis showed that $30\%$ of the detected anomalies could be directly linked to crop damage. Therefore, anomaly detection could be integrated in the decision process of farm operators to improve harvesting efficiency and crop health.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) enhance safety, comfort, transport efficiency, and environmental conservation by allowing vehicles to communicate wirelessly with other vehicles and road infrastructure. Cooperative awareness messages (CAMs) contain information about vehicles status, which can reveal road anomalies. Knowing the location, time, and frequency of these anomalies is valuable to road users and road authorities, and timely detection is critical for emergency response teams, resulting in improved efficiency in rescue operations. An enhanced locally selective combination in parallel outlier ensembles (ELSCP) technique is proposed for data stream anomaly detection. A data-driven approach is considered with the objective of detecting anomalies on the fly from CAMs using unsupervised detection approaches. Based on the experiments carried out, we note that ELSCP outperforms other techniques, with 3.64 % and 9.83 % better performance than the second-best technique, LSCP, on AUC-ROC and AUCPR, respectively. Based on our findings, ELSCP can effectively detect anomalies in CAMs.

An important application scenario of precision agriculture is detecting and measuring crop health threats using sensors and data analysis techniques. However, the textual data are still under-explored among the existing solutions due to the lack of labelled data and fine-grained semantic resources. Recent research suggests that the increasing connectivity of farmers and the emergence of online farming communities make social media like Twitter a participatory platform for detecting unfamiliar plant health events if we can extract essential information from unstructured textual data. ChouBERT is a French pre-trained language model that can identify Tweets concerning observations of plant health issues with generalizability on unseen natural hazards. This paper tackles the lack of labelled data by further studying ChouBERT's know-how on token-level annotation tasks over small labeled sets.